Difficulty: 2
Difficulty: 3
Negative pole in galvanic current produces alkaline reaction and positive pole in galvanic current is best described as:
Explanation:
In galvanic electrotherapy the negative electrode induces an alkaline reaction at the skin surface while the positive electrode produces an acidic reaction. The positive pole acidifies the area and is therefore best described as producing an acidic reaction in contrast to the negative pole's alkaline effect.
A
Chemical reaction
B
Physical reaction
C
Mechanical reaction
D
Acidic reaction
Difficulty: 2
The removal of excess dead cells from the skin surface is called:
Explanation:
The process of removing excess dead cells from the skin surface is known as exfoliation, a technique that enhances skin texture, promotes cell renewal, and improves the absorption of subsequent skincare products. Exfoliation can be performed mechanically using tools like scrubs or microdermabrasion devices, which physically dislodge dead cells, or chemically with agents such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) or beta hydroxy acids (BHA) that dissolve the bonds holding dead cells together. This procedure reveals fresher, healthier skin underneath and is widely used in facial treatments to address dullness, clogged pores, or uneven tone. Cleansing removes surface dirt and oil but does not specifically target dead cell removal, moisturizing adds hydration without exfoliating, and toning adjusts skin pH without affecting dead cell layers, making exfoliation the distinct process here.
A
Exfoliation
B
Moisturizing
C
Cleansing
D
Toning
Difficulty: 1
A semi-permanent tint contain a/an:
Explanation:
A semi-permanent tint contains certified colors, which are FD&C-approved direct dyes that deposit color on the hair's surface and within the cuticle without requiring oxidation or penetration into the cortex, providing temporary to medium-lasting hues that fade gradually over 4-28 shampoos depending on hair porosity and care. These certified colors, regulated for safety by bodies like the FDA, include acid or basic dyes such as nitro compounds or anthraquinones, ensuring minimal damage as they lack ammonia or high-volume peroxide, making them ideal for toning, gray blending, or color refreshment on all hair types. In contrast, compound henna is a natural vegetable dye for coating; aniline derivatives like PPD are oxidative agents in permanent tints that require developer for deep penetration and longevity; and metallic dyes build color progressively but can cause incompatibilities. Formulations often include conditioning agents like cetearyl alcohol or amodimethicone for shine and softness, with pH-balanced to seal cuticles. Cosmetologists select semi-permanent for clients seeking low-commitment changes, applying after shampooing with development times of 10-30 minutes, and advising on sulfate-free maintenance to prolong vibrancy. Historical evolution from coal-tar dyes to safer synthetics underscores their popularity in modern lines like L'Oreal or Madison Reed, which avoid harsh chemicals, promoting healthy, vibrant results without lifting natural pigment or causing allergic reactions common with permanents.
A
Metallic dyes
B
Aniline derivative
C
Certified color
D
Compound henna
Difficulty: 1
A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution is a:
Explanation:
A substance capable of dissolving another to create a solution is defined as a solvent, a key concept in chemistry with significant applications in cosmetology. Solvents such as water, alcohol, or acetone work by interacting with solute molecules through forces like hydrogen bonding or polarity, breaking them apart to form a homogeneous mixture, as seen in nail polish removers or hair dye solutions. The solute, conversely, is the substance being dissolved, while a solution is the resulting mixture, and a binder serves to hold ingredients together rather than dissolve them. In cosmetic product development, solvents are essential for ensuring proper consistency, penetration, and efficacy, influencing the performance of creams, lotions, and other formulations.
A
Solute
B
Solvent
C
Solution
D
Binder
Difficulty: 2
In razor hair shaping, the thinning is controlled by the:
Explanation:
The primary factor that controls how much hair is removed when shaping with a razor is the pressure applied. Greater pressure cuts more hair and produces a closer thin, while lighter pressure removes less. Direction, speed and how the razor is held influence the result but pressure is the main variable for controlling thinning intensity.
A
Way the razor is held
B
Speed of movement
C
Direction of the razor
D
Pressure of the razor
Difficulty: 1
Color rinse contains:
Explanation:
Color rinses, temporary hair color products designed for short-term enhancement or toning, contain certified colors—FD&C (Food, Drug, and Cosmetic) approved pigments like acid dyes that adhere to the hair's exterior without penetration, providing a sheer wash of color that lasts 1-3 shampoos. These water-soluble dyes, regulated for safety by bodies like the FDA, allow for easy experimentation with shades to neutralize brassiness, add shine, or boost vibrancy post-coloring, without ammonia or peroxide for minimal commitment and damage. Unlike penetrating colors (permanent dyes entering the cortex), aniline colors (synthetic organics for deeper deposit), or compound colors (blends of types), certified colors in rinses coat the cuticle temporarily, ideal for gray blending or fantasy hues on pre-lightened hair. Cosmetologists apply them post-shampoo, leaving on 5-15 minutes for intensity control, often in salons for gloss services or at home for maintenance. Formulations may include conditioners for softness, with pH around 3-4 to seal cuticles, enhancing light reflection. Historical use dates to early 20th-century rinses for subtle changes, evolving to modern toners like purple rinses for blondes. Considerations include porosity (porous hair holds longer) and buildup prevention through clarifying, ensuring versatile, user-friendly options for all ages and hair types.
A
Penetrating colors
B
Compound colors
C
Certified colors
D
Aniline colors
Difficulty: 2
When bleach hair, subsection must be used:
Explanation:
When applying bleach, thin and even subsections ensure complete and even saturation of product. A 1/8 inch subsection is recommended to allow the bleach to penetrate uniformly without missing interior sections. Larger subsections may lead to patchy lightening and uneven lift.
A
1/4 inch
B
1 inch
C
1/8 inch
D
1/2 inch
Difficulty: 2
Which one of these daily requirements for cosmetologist good grooming is not required?
Explanation:
Good grooming for cosmetologists includes hygiene practices like clean teeth, fresh breath, comfortable shoes, and clean, uniform attire to maintain professionalism and client trust. Comfortable white shoes, while recommended for comfort, are not a strict grooming requirement like hygiene or attire. This distinction reflects practical versus essential standards in cosmetology workplace protocols.
A
Daily bath and use body deodorant
B
Clean teeth and sweet breath
C
Comfortable white shoe
D
Clean, uniform
Difficulty: 2
What chemical should be used to remove artificial hair tint?
Explanation:
Artificial hair tint removal requires a chemical that breaks down dye molecules without excessive damage. A dye solvent specifically targets synthetic colorants, while hydrogen peroxide or bleach powder with hydrogen peroxide lifts natural pigment, and a 40% H2O2 solution is too strong for safe use. The solvent's selective action preserves hair integrity, a critical consideration in color correction procedures.
A
40% volume of Hydrogen peroxide
B
Bleach powder and Hydrogen peroxide
C
Dye solvent
D
Crystal peroxide
Difficulty: 2
The hair layer which is sometimes missing in women's fine hair is the:
Explanation:
The medulla is the innermost core of the hair shaft and is frequently absent in fine or naturally thin hair. The cortex forms the bulk of the hair and contains pigment and strength, while the cuticle is the protective outer layer. Lanugo refers to a type of fine body hair rather than a structural layer of the shaft. Because fine hair often lacks a medulla, Medulla is the correct choice.
A
Lanugo
B
Medulla
C
Cortex
D
Cuticle
Difficulty: 2
When your hand has a chap(fissure), what you do protect your client and yourself:
Explanation:
A chap (fissure) on the hand risks infection transmission to clients and self. Wearing gloves creates a barrier, continuing work increases risk, and stopping work disrupts service. Protective cream may soothe but doesn't fully protect, making gloves the safest, most professional choice per occupational health standards in cosmetology.
A
Wear gloves
B
Put protective cream on that area
C
Stop working
D
Continue working
Difficulty: 2
Skin condition caused by overactivity and excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands or greasy scales on the skin nose forehead and scalp is often a sign of
Explanation:
Seborrhea results from overactive sebaceous glands leading to excess sebum and greasy scales especially on the scalp nose and forehead. Acne vulgaris and acne simplex are primarily inflammatory and comedonal conditions while acne rosacea is a vascular disorder with flushing and telangiectasia. The hallmark here is oiliness and scaling which defines seborrhea.
A
Acne vulgaris
B
Acne rosacea
C
Acne simplex
D
Seborrhea
Difficulty: 2
No person shall massage a surface of skin or a scalp on a patron that is:
Explanation:
Massaging infected, broken, or irritated skin/scalp can spread bacteria, worsen conditions, or cause pain, violating hygiene standards. A dead cell, white patch, or mangy condition (e.g., mange) are not standard contraindications; infection is the primary concern due to its contagious potential. This rule protects both client and practitioner, a cornerstone of cosmetology safety.
A
Black patch
B
Dead cell
C
Infected
D
Mangy
Difficulty: 1
Cuticle creams are used to:
Explanation:
Cuticle creams hydrate and protect, treating brittle and dry cuticles to prevent cracking. Removing dead cuticle is a physical process, not a cream's function, and encouraging nail growth or removing dry cuticle are beyond its scope. The emollient properties of creams, often with oils or urea, restore moisture, making this a primary use in nail care maintenance.
A
Remove dead cuticle
B
Treat brittle and dry cuticle
C
Encourage the growth of nails
D
Remove dry cuticle
Difficulty: 3
To make sure hair is evenly porous on resistant hair before tinting, you must use the:
Explanation:
Pre-softening shampoo is used to help open the cuticle layer and make resistant hair more porous, which allows the color to penetrate more evenly. Resistant hair has a compact cuticle that repels dye, so pre-softening prepares the surface for uniform tint uptake. Color blender does not alter porosity, filler is used for replacing missing underlying pigments, and cream or oil bleach is used for lightening, not pre-softening.
A
Cream or oil bleach
B
Pre-softening shampoo
C
Color blender
D
Filler
Difficulty: 1
The person credited as being the originator of Marcel waving was a/an:
Explanation:
The originator of Marcel waving, a revolutionary hairstyling technique that created soft, undulating waves using heated curling irons, was François Marcel Grateau, a Frenchman born in the 19th century who invented the process in 1872 while working as a Parisian hairdresser, transforming the art of hairdressing worldwide by introducing a method that allowed for more natural-looking waves compared to previous stiff styles. Marcel's innovation involved designing specialized tongs that could be heated and maneuvered to form 'S'-shaped waves, popularized in the 1920s and 1930s as the 'Marcel wave' or 'marcelling,' influencing iconic looks in Hollywood and fashion, and he later patented variations in the US after emigrating. Historical accounts from The New York Times (1908) describe banquets in his honor in London, where hairdressers celebrated his contributions, and his technique evolved from early experiments on wigs to professional salon applications, requiring skill in temperature control (around 200-300°F) to avoid burns while achieving durable waves that lasted days. Unlike claims attributing it to English, Hungarian, or Belgian figures, Marcel's French heritage is confirmed in sources like Wikipedia and Estetica Magazine, with his legacy extending to modern tools like clipless curling irons and cultural references in films like 'Some Like It Hot' or comedian Kenny Everett's character 'Marcel Wave.' In cosmetology education, mastering Marcel waving builds foundational thermal styling skills, emphasizing sectioning, even heat distribution, and protective sprays to prevent damage, with adaptations for different hair types—fine hair at lower heats to avoid breakage—and its enduring popularity in vintage revivals or bridal styles highlights Marcel's impact on beauty standards and innovation in an era before electric tools.
A
Frenchman
B
Belgian
C
Hungarian
D
Englishman
Difficulty: 1
Highlighting shampoo tint contain a/an:
Explanation:
Highlighting shampoo tints, also known as color-enhancing or toning shampoos, contain an aniline derivative tint combined with shampoo to deposit subtle color while cleansing, providing a gentle way to add highlights, neutralize unwanted tones, or refresh faded color without the commitment of permanent dyes. Aniline derivatives, synthetic organic compounds like para-phenylenediamine (PPD) or related amines, penetrate the cuticle slightly for semi-permanent effects, lasting 4-6 shampoos and ideal for blending grays or enhancing natural hues. This formulation allows for easy application during washing, with the shampoo base ensuring even distribution and conditioning benefits to counteract potential dryness. Unlike vegetable tints (natural extracts like chamomile for mild lightening), metallic and aniline mixes (which could cause incompatibilities), or compound dyes (multi-type blends), aniline-based highlighting shampoos offer predictable, vibrant results with low ammonia or peroxide levels. Cosmetologists recommend them for maintenance between full color services, considering hair porosity (porous hair absorbs more) and pH balance to avoid buildup. Historical development from early coal-tar dyes evolved to safer, regulated formulas, with patch tests mandatory to prevent allergies. This versatility makes them popular for at-home use, but professionals use them in salons for customized toning, such as purple shampoos for blondes to combat brassiness, ensuring enhanced shine and color longevity through proper lathering and rinsing techniques.
A
Compound dye, shampoo, and tint product
B
Metallic tint and aniline derivative tint
C
Vegetable tint and shampoo
D
Aniline derivative tint and shampoo
Difficulty: 1
The three principal parts of a pin curl are the base, the circle, and:
Explanation:
The three principal parts of a pin curl in cosmetology are the base (the foundational section attached to the scalp that provides stability and determines the curl's position), the stem (the intermediate section between the base and the circle that controls the curl's mobility and direction), and the circle (the curved end that forms the actual curl shape, influencing its tightness and volume). This tripartite structure allows stylists to manipulate curl characteristics for various effects: the base ensures secure anchorage, the stem adjusts movement (from stationary to flowing), and the circle defines the wave or loop. Unlike texture or elasticity (which are hair properties affecting curl formation) or mobility (which is an outcome of the stem), the stem is essential for versatility in pin curling techniques. This breakdown is taught in basic hairstyling courses to enable creation of pin curls in clockwise or counterclockwise directions, for forward or reverse movements, and in stand-up or flat configurations, serving as the basis for intricate hairstyles, thermal sets, and even modern blow-dry techniques that mimic these elements for added body and style longevity.
A
Texture
B
Elasticity
C
Stem
D
Mobility
Difficulty: 3
Cutting the hair in graduated length from the nape toward the crown of the head is known as:
Explanation:
Shingling describes a graduated cutting technique where hair is cut progressively shorter toward the nape, producing a tapered or stacked effect from nape to crown. Layer cutting is a more general term for creating layers, razor cutting indicates the tool used, and club cutting is not the standard term for this graduated nape-to-crown method.
A
Club cutting
B
Layer cutting
C
Razor cutting
D
Shingling
Difficulty: 1
What chemical agent is required in addition to the chemical relaxer?
Explanation:
In addition to the primary chemical relaxer, which breaks disulfide bonds to straighten hair, a stabilizer—also known as a neutralizer, fixative, or acid-balanced shampoo—is essential to halt the relaxing process, restore the hair's pH balance to around 4.5-5.5, and reform the broken bonds into their new straightened configuration, preventing further damage and ensuring the style's longevity. This agent, often containing ingredients like hydrogen peroxide or sodium bromate in oxidative neutralizers, or simply acidic compounds in shampoos, is applied after thorough rinsing of the relaxer to neutralize the high alkalinity (pH 12-14) that could otherwise continue to weaken the hair, leading to breakage or over-relaxation. As per cosmetology texts and product guidelines from brands like Affirm or Mizani, the stabilizer conditions the hair with emollients and proteins, seals the cuticle for shine and smoothness, and is crucial for no-lye relaxers (calcium hydroxide-based) where it activates via mixing with guanidine carbonate. Unlike lacquer (a hairspray for hold), gentian violet jelly (an antiseptic not used in relaxing), or waving lotion (for perms), the stabilizer specifically counteracts the relaxer's effects, with application involving saturation, gentle massaging, and multiple rinses to remove residues. Studies from DTSC and PMC emphasize its role in minimizing risks like scalp burns or hair loss, recommending pH-testing strips for verification and post-treatment deep conditioning to replenish moisture lost during swelling. In professional settings, failure to use a stabilizer can result in lawsuits due to damage, underscoring its mandatory status in safe relaxing protocols, adapted for hair types—fine hair needs milder versions to avoid brittleness— and integrated with protective bases like petroleum jelly for scalp shielding.
A
Stabilizer
B
Gentian violet jelly
C
Lacquer
D
Waving lotion
Difficulty: 3
After a scalp cream has been applied, expose the scalp to the:
Explanation:
Infra-red rays produce gentle heat that increases blood circulation, opens pores slightly and helps topical products penetrate the scalp more effectively. Ultra-violet and actinic rays are associated with photochemical effects and potential damage, and blue light is not the typical modality for improving cream absorption. Therefore infra-red rays are the appropriate choice for enhancing product penetration and circulation after applying a scalp cream.
A
Ultra-violet rays
B
Rays of blue lights
C
Actinic rays (cold rays)
D
Infra-red rays
Difficulty: 2
Before attempting to comb out the set hair, it must be thoroughly:
Explanation:
Post-setting, hair must be cooled to set the style's structure, as heat from setting can leave it pliable and prone to distortion. Brushed hair may tangle, tangled hair is unmanageable, and perming or untangling are separate processes. Cooling stabilizes hydrogen bonds reformed during styling, a critical step in maintaining curl or wave integrity in cosmetology techniques.
A
Brushed
B
Tangled
C
Permed
D
Cooled
Difficulty: 1
For proper hair tapering, the adjacent right next to length of hair strands should not vary more than:
Explanation:
A smooth taper needs small progressive changes. The difference between neighboring lengths should stay within about half an inch to avoid steps or ridges. A quarter inch may be overly strict, while one inch or more creates visible demarcation.
A
2 inches
B
1/4 inch
C
1 inch
D
1/2 inch
Difficulty: 2
The process used in thinning the hair with scissors is known as:
Explanation:
Thinning with scissors is commonly called slithering. This technique uses scissors or thinning shears at a shallow angle to remove bulk and create softer lines. Clipper over comb is a clipper technique, razor cutting uses a straight razor for texture and edge, and layer cutting builds length differences rather than specifically thinning.
A
Razor cutting
B
Slithering
C
Layer cutting
D
Clipper over comb
Difficulty: 2
Client just underwent chemical peel can have a facial treatment:
Explanation:
A chemical peel removes the outer skin layer, causing sensitivity and potential irritation. Waiting 3 to 5 days allows initial healing, while 3 to 5 weeks ensures full recovery from deeper peels, avoiding adverse reactions. After 12 weeks or 3 to 5 months is excessive, as facial treatments can resume once the skin stabilizes, guided by peel depth and client skin type, a critical safety measure in cosmetology.
A
3 to 5 weeks
B
3 to 5 days
C
After 12 weeks
D
3 to 5 months
Difficulty: 1
How many vegetable cells make up a microbe?
Explanation:
In older cosmetology texts microbe refers mainly to bacteria which are single celled organisms. Each microorganism is one cell that reproduces by binary fission, so only one cell makes up a microbe.
A
One cell
B
Three cells
C
Two cells
D
Four cells
Difficulty: 2
The classification of hair color that does not lift natural melanin but requires 10 volume developers is:
Explanation:
Non-oxidative hair color deposits color without lifting the natural melanin, requiring a low-volume developer.
A
Oxidative deposit only
B
Semi permanent
C
Non-oxidative color
D
Henna (leaves of the henna plant)
Difficulty: 2
The scientific study of hair is called:
Explanation:
The scientific study of hair, encompassing its growth patterns, structure, and associated disorders, is known as trichology, a specialized field that bridges dermatology and cosmetology. Trichology delves into the anatomy of the hair follicle, the cyclical growth phases - anagen (growth), catagen (transitional), and telogen (resting) - and conditions such as alopecia, dandruff, or excessive hair loss. This knowledge is invaluable for diagnosing scalp issues and tailoring hair care treatments, making it a cornerstone for professionals in hair restoration and salon services. Dermatology, while related, focuses more broadly on skin conditions including those affecting the scalp but is not specific to hair. Cosmetology involves the practical application of beauty techniques, including hair styling and coloring, but lacks the scientific depth of trichology. Biology, as a general science, covers all life forms and is too expansive to be specific to hair study alone.
A
Cosmetology
B
Biology
C
Trichology
D
Dermatology
Difficulty: 1
Your hands need to wash with liquid soap, scrub your hands and lather for at least:
Explanation:
Proper handwashing time is at least 20 seconds to remove dirt, oils, and most transient microorganisms effectively. This is a standard hygiene guideline in both cosmetology and healthcare settings to maintain sanitation. Less time may not adequately break down and rinse away contaminants.
A
40 seconds
B
10 seconds
C
30 seconds
D
20 seconds
Difficulty: 1
When hairstyle requires a great deal of mobility, use the:
Explanation:
In cosmetology, when a hairstyle demands a high level of mobility, meaning the curls need to have significant movement, bounce, and flow away from the scalp for dynamic, voluminous looks such as cascading waves or updos with soft, swinging elements, the full-stem curl is the optimal choice. The stem in pin curls or roller sets refers to the section of hair between the scalp (base) and the first turn of the curl (circle), and its length directly dictates the curl's mobility: a no-stem curl sits flat against the scalp with minimal movement, ideal for sleek, close-to-head styles; a half-stem curl offers moderate mobility for balanced volume; while the full-stem curl, where the stem is as long as possible within the section, allows the curl to pivot freely from the base, providing maximum swing and liveliness. This technique is particularly useful in creating hairstyles that require natural-looking motion, like beach waves or formal styles with hanging tendrils, as it leverages the hair's natural elasticity and gravity for enhanced aesthetics. Cosmetologists must consider hair type—fine hair may need shorter stems to avoid limpness, while thick hair benefits from full stems for control—along with factors like face shape, occasion, and client preferences to ensure the mobility enhances rather than overwhelms the overall look. Historical styles from the 1920s flapper era to modern red-carpet appearances often incorporate full-stem curls for their versatility, and proper setting with pins or rollers, combined with products like mousse or hairspray, ensures longevity without sacrificing movement. Mastering stem variations builds foundational skills in wet and dry setting, enabling professionals to adapt to diverse textures, lengths, and trends while minimizing damage through even tension distribution.
A
No-stem curl
B
Full-stem curl
C
Round-stem curl
D
Half-stem curl
Difficulty: 1
In order to make hair porosity uniform uniform and deposit a base color prior to hair tinting, first use a:
Explanation:
To achieve uniform hair porosity and deposit a foundational base color before applying hair tint, a color filler is used first, as it evens out absorption rates by filling porous areas with pigment and conditioners, ensuring consistent color uptake and preventing patchy or off-tone results during the tinting process. This step is essential for damaged, bleached, or highlighted hair where high porosity leads to rapid color grab in ends versus slower in roots, often incorporating warm tones to counteract ashiness when darkening. Unlike a cream rinse (conditioner for detangling), color bleacher (lightener), or color shampoo (temporary deposit via wash), color fillers like those from Sally Beauty or professional lines involve mixing with developer, applying to dry hair, and processing 20-30 minutes before tinting. Factors such as hair type—curly hair often more porous—require customized shades, with strand tests verifying compatibility. Resources like Essence or Beautycon emphasize prepping with masks for low porosity to open cuticles or protein for high to seal, but fillers specifically bridge for tinting. This technique minimizes damage, enhances longevity, and is taught in color theory for safe, vibrant outcomes, advising clients on aftercare like moisture routines to maintain uniformity and avoid fading or brassiness over time.
A
Cream rinse
B
Color filler
C
Color shampoo
D
Color bleacher
Difficulty: 1
A hangnail condition may be corrected by trimming the hangnail and softening the surrounding skin with:
Explanation:
After carefully trimming a hangnail, cuticle oil softens and rehydrates the surrounding skin, reducing splitting and the chance of infection. Naphtha soap is harsh, boric acid is an antiseptic not an emollient, and polish remover dehydrates tissue.
A
Boric acid
B
Naptha soap
C
Polish remover
D
Cuticle oil
Difficulty: 1
Textbook recommend steel pusher to be used:
Explanation:
The steel pusher is a precision tool in manicure to manage cuticles, requiring careful application to avoid nail bed damage. On a dry nail body, gentle flat pressure allows controlled cuticle movement without excessive moisture softening, which could lead to tearing. Angled use on moist nails risks injury if pressure is uneven, and moist conditions generally require different tools or techniques. This recommendation underscores the importance of technique in maintaining nail integrity during professional care.
A
At an angle, light pressure, on moist nail
B
Flat, with gentle pressure, on a dry nail body
C
At an angle, light pressure, on moist nail
D
Flat, with gentle pressure, on a moist nail body
Difficulty: 1
Another name for a pin curl is a/an:
Explanation:
A pin curl is alternatively known as a sculpture curl in cosmetology terminology because it involves meticulously sculpting the hair into a curled formation using clips or pins to secure it, allowing for precise control over the curl's size, direction, and tightness as it sets. This name reflects the artistic process of shaping the hair like a sculptor works with material, distinguishing it from roller curls (which use cylindrical rollers for uniform curls), barrel curls (formed around a barrel-shaped tool like a curling iron for volume), or spiral curls (wound vertically for corkscrew effects). Sculpture curls are versatile for both wet and dry setting, enabling the creation of everything from soft waves to tight ringlets, and are fundamental in vintage hairstyling, bridal looks, and texture addition. The technique requires understanding hair elasticity, porosity, and sectioning, making it a key skill for achieving customized, long-lasting styles that enhance facial features and suit different occasions, while also serving as building blocks for more complex arrangements like chignons or pompadours.
A
Barrel curl
B
Spiral curl
C
Roller curl
D
Sculpture curl
Difficulty: 1
Tincture of iodine is commonly used on the skin as a/an:
Explanation:
Tincture of iodine, a solution of iodine in alcohol, is widely recognized for its antiseptic properties, killing bacteria and preventing infection, especially in wound care. Deodorants mask odors, disinfectants are used on surfaces, and styptics control bleeding, none of which align with iodine's primary skin application. Its efficacy stems from iodine's ability to penetrate cell walls, making it a staple in medical and cosmetic first aid, though it can stain skin temporarily.
A
Deodorant
B
Styptic
C
Antiseptic
D
Disinfectant
Difficulty: 1
The muscle connected to the hair follicle is called the:
Explanation:
The arrector pili muscle is responsible for causing the hair to stand up, often due to cold or fear.
A
Procerus
B
Auricularis
C
Arrector pili
D
Epicranium
Difficulty: 1
Unwanted hair is removed from large areas by the use of
Explanation:
Soft wax efficiently removes hair over broad regions such as legs arms and back. Tweezing and electric tweezers are slow and suited for small localized areas. Bleaching agents only lighten hair color and do not remove it.
A
Soft wax
B
An electric tweezer
C
Bleaching agent
D
Tweezing
Difficulty: 1
The skin on which the nail body rest is known as the:
Explanation:
The nail body rests on the nail bed, a specialized skin layer beneath the nail plate that supports growth and adhesion. The matrix produces the nail, the nail root is the proximal matrix base, and nail-groove (or lateral nail fold) surrounds the nail edges. The nail bed's rich blood supply nourishes the nail, making it the correct anatomical term in nail anatomy studies.
A
Nail root
B
Nail-bed
C
Nail-groove
D
Matrix
Difficulty: 1
When picking up articles from the floor, use the muscle of:
Explanation:
Safe body mechanics call for bending the knees and lifting with the legs while keeping the back straight and weight centered over the balls of the feet. Ankles and toes lack power, lifting with the back risks injury, and naming only the thigh is incomplete.
A
Back and the heels of the feet
B
Thigh
C
Ankles and the toes of the feet
D
Legs and the balls of the feet
Difficulty: 3
A small amount of waving lotion will run toward the scalp and the body heat will process the scalp hair quickly. To avoid this problem apply the waving lotion:
Explanation:
Waving lotion that runs toward the scalp can be accelerated by body heat and cause overprocessing or irritation. Applying the lotion a safer distance from the scalp, typically between one half inch and one inch, reduces runoff and direct thermal acceleration at the scalp while still allowing the lotion to act on the hair shaft.
A
1/8 inch to 1/6 inch away from the scalp
B
1/8 inch away from the scalp
C
1/4 inch away from the scalp
D
1/2 inch to 1 inch from the scalp
Difficulty: 2
If the matrix is destroyed, then the growth of the nail:
Explanation:
The matrix, located under the base of the nail, is the active tissue where nail cells are produced and keratinized. Destroying it halts cell division, stopping nail growth permanently, as seen in severe trauma or surgery. An increase or less growth would imply partial function, and length refers to a physical attribute, not a growth process. This underscores the matrix's critical role in nail regeneration.
A
Stops
B
Is increased
C
Is less
D
Continues
Difficulty: 2
The highest volume of developer used with bleach powder is:
Explanation:
In hair bleaching, the developer (hydrogen peroxide) volume determines lift strength, with 40 volume (12%) being the highest safe concentration for professional use with bleach powder to achieve maximum lightening (e.g., black to pale blonde). Volumes like 20, 25, 30, or 35 are lower, used for less lift or gentler processes. Exceeding 40 volume risks severe hair damage, making it the ceiling in standard protocols.
A
20 volume
B
25 volume
C
30 volume
D
40 volume
Difficulty: 2
Hairs remove by wax, shaving, electrolysis, and tweezing are among the treatments for:
Explanation:
Hair removal methods address various dermatological conditions, each with specific indications. Hypertrichosis, excessive hair growth due to genetics or hormones, is effectively managed with waxing, shaving, electrolysis (permanent), and tweezing. Trichorrhexis nodosa involves hair shaft fragility, not excess growth. Pityriasis capitis simplex is dandruff, and androgenic alopecia is patterned hair loss, neither requiring removal techniques. The choice of method depends on hair type, skin sensitivity, and desired permanence, making this a practical application question.
A
Androgenic alopecia
B
Pityriasis capitis simplex
C
Hypertrichosis
D
Trichorrhexis nodosa
Difficulty: 2
To achieve a natural tone, which color additive should you add to a blue base toner when pre lightened hair is pale yellow:
Explanation:
On the color wheel yellow is neutralized by violet. A blue base alone fights orange and can create an over ashy result on pale yellow; adding violet balances yellow and yields a more natural neutral tone.
A
Red
B
Violet
C
Orange
D
Green
Difficulty: 3
When applying a virgin hair with sodium hydroxide chemical relaxer, the cosmetologist should apply:
Explanation:
For virgin sodium hydroxide relaxers apply to the most resistant mid shaft first keeping product off the scalp and porous ends initially. Heat at the scalp speeds processing and ends absorb fastest, so starting about one half inch away prevents over processing and breakage; scalp and ends are addressed last to even out the result.
A
1/2 inch away from scalp to the porous ends
B
From scalp to the porous ends
C
From scalp through the ends
D
1/4 inch away from scalp to the porous ends
Difficulty: 2
For hair and scalp cleanliness, the hair should be shampooed:
Explanation:
Shampoo frequency should be determined by individual needs such as scalp oiliness, hair type, lifestyle and any chemical treatments. Prescribing a universal fixed interval is not appropriate; therefore the best guidance is to shampoo as often as necessary to maintain a clean, healthy scalp and hair. Daily washing may be unnecessary for dry hair, while once a week may be insufficient for oily scalps.
A
Once a week
B
Every day
C
As often as necessary
D
Every other day
Difficulty: 2
The mixing of two substances is based on:
Explanation:
Mixing substances in cosmetology relies on binders, which hold ingredients together (e.g., in creams or lotions), or glycerin for moisture retention. Moisture and surfactants (emulsifiers) aid texture but are not the primary basis, while cleaning surface is a result, not a basis. Binders ensure product stability, a key factor in formulation science.
A
Glycerin
B
Surfactant
C
Binders
D
Moisture
Difficulty: 2
When you mix blue, green, and violet, what color will be corrected?
Explanation:
In color theory, mixing blue, green, and violet produces a shade leaning toward a cool, dark hue, often neutralized by its complementary color. Drab, a dull brownish-gray, suggests a correction toward a warmer tone. Tertiary colors are intermediate mixes, translucents imply transparency, and blender is not a color term. The correction likely involves adding a warm color (e.g., orange) to balance the cool mix, a principle used in hair coloring and cosmetics.
A
Drab
B
Blender
C
Tertiary
D
Translucent
Difficulty: 1
When a desires shade is reached the lightener should be removed with:
Explanation:
In cosmetology, once the desired shade is achieved during the lightening process, the lightener should be removed with cool or warm water to effectively rinse away the product, halt the bleaching action, and prevent further lifting or damage to the hair. This step is crucial because lighteners, typically containing hydrogen peroxide and persulfates, continue to oxidize melanin until neutralized by thorough rinsing. Using cool or warm (lukewarm) water helps open the cuticle slightly for better removal without shocking the hair, as opposed to cold water which might close the cuticle too quickly, trapping residue, or hot water which could exacerbate damage. Sulfonated oil is used in other contexts like oil lighteners or shampoos but not for removal here, while hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient in the lightener itself and adding more would intensify the process rather than stop it. Standard protocols from resources like Milady's Cosmetology textbook emphasize rinsing with tepid water followed by shampooing to ensure all chemicals are eliminated, preserving hair integrity and preparing for toning or conditioning. Factors such as hair type—fine hair requires gentler handling to avoid breakage—water pH (soft water rinses better), and lightener type (powder vs. cream) influence the rinsing duration, often 5-10 minutes under running water. This method minimizes over-processing risks like porosity increase or yellowing, ensuring even color results and client safety through patch tests and strand tests beforehand. In professional salons, this practice supports long-term hair health, allowing for subsequent services without compromise, and is taught in basic color theory to prevent common errors like incomplete removal leading to uneven tones or scalp irritation.
A
Cool or warm water
B
Cold water
C
Sulfonated oil
D
Hydrogen peroxide
Difficulty: 3
When you mix blue, green, and violet, what base color will be corrected?
Explanation:
Mixing blue, green, and violet creates a drab base, which is used to neutralize unwanted warm tones in hair.
A
Tertiary
B
Blender
C
Drab
D
Translucent
Difficulty: 2
Which agency is responsible for the ingredient of a product?
Explanation:
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) regulates cosmetic ingredients for safety and labeling in the U.S., ensuring consumer protection. OSHA oversees workplace safety, FMD and MSDS relate to material data sheets, not ingredient oversight. The FDA's authority extends to approving or banning ingredients, a critical aspect of product compliance in cosmetology.
A
O.S.H.A.
B
F.M.D.
C
M.S.D.S.
D
F.D.A.
Difficulty: 2
How do you take-off the muslin wax strip for remove unwanted hair:
Explanation:
Removing a wax strip requires minimizing pain and skin trauma. Pulling in the opposite direction of hair growth ensures effective hair removal by aligning with follicle angles, while the same direction or vertical position increases resistance or incomplete removal. Quick, opposite-direction pulls are standard to reduce follicle damage, a technique honed in waxing procedures.
A
In a vertical position
B
In a quick manner
C
In opposite direction of the hair growth
D
In the same direction as the hair growth
Difficulty: 1
The visible portion of the nail, resting upon the nail bed is the:
Explanation:
The nail body also called the nail plate is the visible hard keratin that sits on the nail bed. The free edge extends beyond the fingertip, the lunula is the pale half moon at the base, and the nail root is under the skin within the matrix.
A
Nail body
B
Lunula
C
Nail root
D
Free edge
Difficulty: 1
The neutral of potential Hydrogen (pH) such as pure water is:
Explanation:
The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity, with 7 being neutral, as exemplified by pure water, where H+ and OH- ions are balanced. Values like 5, 6, 9, or 10 indicate acidic or alkaline conditions, respectively. In cosmetology, understanding pH is crucial for product formulation (e.g., shampoos, skin care) to maintain skin and hair health, with 7 serving as the baseline for neutrality.
A
7
B
5
C
9
D
10
Difficulty: 1
To insure better tint coverage on resistant hair, use:
Explanation:
In cosmetology, resistant hair, often characterized by a tightly closed cuticle layer that repels color molecules, requires special preparation to ensure even and thorough tint coverage, preventing patchy or uneven results that can compromise the overall appearance and longevity of the color. The most effective method is to apply a softener or mild bleach before the tint, which gently opens the cuticle through oxidation—typically using a low-volume developer like 10-20 volume hydrogen peroxide—to make the hair more receptive without causing significant lightening or damage. This pre-softening step, recommended in professional color guides from brands like Wella or Redken, allows the tint's pigments to penetrate deeper into the cortex, achieving up to 100% gray coverage on stubborn areas like temples or nape, where resistance is common due to coarser texture or natural oils. Unlike fillers, which add missing undertones for darkening but don't address resistance directly, or diluting the tint with distilled water or ammonia mixtures, which may weaken the formula without opening the cuticle effectively and could lead to faded or inconsistent color, the mild bleach softener targets the barrier specifically, with application times of 5-15 minutes followed by rinsing before tinting. Factors such as hair porosity (low in resistant hair), previous treatments (like henna or metallic dyes that exacerbate resistance), and pH balance influence efficacy, necessitating strand tests to avoid over-processing, which might cause dryness, breakage, or brassiness. This technique, rooted in color theory principles of diffusion and adhesion, enhances client satisfaction by ensuring vibrant, long-lasting results, and is taught in cosmetology curricula like Milady's to promote safe practices, with alternatives like heat caps or pre-shampooing sometimes combined for enhanced penetration on extremely resistant cases.
A
A softener of mild bleach applied before the tint
B
Tint mix with distilled water
C
A filler applied to the pigmented hair
D
A mixture of water and ammonia applied to the pigmented hair
Difficulty: 3
Nail whiteners are available in the form of:
Explanation:
Traditional nail whitener is a paste applied under the free edge to create an opaque white appearance and stay in place during wear. Liquids and oils lack sufficient hiding power, and loose powder does not adhere without a binder.
A
A paste
B
A powder
C
Oil
D
A liquid
Difficulty: 2
Dry crystal packets add more in a cream lightener formula will:
Explanation:
Dry crystal packets in a cream lightener typically contain persulfates or similar agents that, when mixed, enhance the lightening process by boosting peroxide activity. This increases the product's strength, allowing deeper pigment lift, but can also make hair more porous or damage ends if overused. Decreasing strength contradicts the additive's purpose, which is to amplify the formula's oxidizing power, a key consideration in hair bleaching techniques.
A
Increase the strength of product
B
Make the hair more porous
C
Decrease the strength of product
D
Damage the hair ends
Difficulty: 1
Oil lighteners are mixtures of hydrogen peroxide with:
Explanation:
Oil lighteners, also called oil bleaches or cream lighteners, are formulated as mixtures of hydrogen peroxide with sulfonated oils—chemically modified oils like castor or mineral oil treated with sulfuric acid to enhance emulsification and penetration—for gentle, controlled lifting of hair color up to 2-3 levels while conditioning the strands. The sulfonated oils act as surfactants, improving the mixture's viscosity for easy application and reducing drip, while buffering the peroxide's oxidative action to minimize damage and dryness compared to powder bleaches. This combination is ideal for on-scalp applications, such as highlighting or balayage, where scalp sensitivity requires milder formulas, with peroxide volumes typically 20-30 for safe lifting. Unlike olive oil (natural emollient without lifting properties), mineral oil (base carrier but non-reactive), or classified oils (unspecified), sulfonated oils ensure even distribution and adhesion, often boosted with persulfates for extra power. Cosmetologists use them in foils or freehand for subtle effects, monitoring lift with strand tests and neutralizing post-process to close cuticles. Developed for professional use, these lighteners suit all hair types but excel on fine or damaged hair, providing hydration via fatty acids, though allergies to sulfates necessitate patch tests. Proper mixing ratios (1:1 or per instructions) and development under plastic for heat retention optimize results, making oil lighteners a staple for achieving bright, healthy blondes without compromise.
A
Sulfonated oil
B
Olive oil
C
Classified oil
D
Mineral oil
Difficulty: 1
The stabilizer is also known as neutralizer and:
Explanation:
The stabilizer in hair relaxing and perming processes, which stops the chemical reaction and restores pH balance, is also known as a neutralizer and fixative, as it 'fixes' the new hair structure by reforming disulfide bonds through oxidation, ensuring the straightened or curled shape is permanently set while conditioning to prevent dryness. In product lines like pH Plex or French Perm Stabilizer Plus, it's formulated with penetrating proteins, argan oil, or keratin to seal cuticles, normalize pH after alkaline exposure, and provide anti-breakage benefits, often applied post-rinse for 5-10 minutes before final shampooing. As detailed in Quizlet and Amazon descriptions, it's essential for thio or hydroxide relaxers, where it counteracts caustics like sodium hydroxide, and its synonyms include 'after-relaxer conditioner' or 'normalizing shampoo,' distinguishing it from thio relaxers (the active agent), caustics (bases like lye), or ammonia (in some perms). Cosmetology protocols from Milady stress its use to avoid over-processing, with acid-balanced versions (pH 4.5) ideal for color-treated hair to maintain integrity, and failure to apply can lead to continued bond breakdown, resulting in limp or damaged strands. In home kits, it's packaged separately for safety, and professionals recommend it as the 'final step' in relaxing, integrating with treatments like Roux Porosity Control for enhanced results, emphasizing its multifaceted role in stabilization, neutralization, and fixation for healthy, manageable hair post-chemical service.
A
Thio relaxer
B
Ammonia
C
Caustic
D
Fixative
Difficulty: 1
The average life of hair on the head is about:
Explanation:
The average lifespan of hair on the human scalp is approximately 4-7 years.
A
8 - 10 months
B
More than 8 years
C
12 - 15 months
D
4 - 7 years
Difficulty: 2
Cosmetologist (practitioner) can re-lighten the hair after lightening service within how many hours?
Explanation:
Re-lightening involves additional chemical oxidation, which lifts more pigment but risks damaging the hair's cuticle and cortex if performed too soon. The hair requires a recovery period after initial lightening to stabilize its structure, with 24 hours being a widely accepted minimum to prevent brittleness or breakage. Some protocols extend this to 48-72 hours based on hair porosity and chemical strength, reflecting the need for careful timing to balance efficacy and safety in professional settings.
A
18 hours
B
24 hours
C
12 hours
D
30 hours
Difficulty: 2
Why is rinsing the hair for at least 3 minutes before applying neutralizer recommended, because it provides:
Explanation:
A thorough rinse for at least three minutes removes residual waving solution and dilutes remaining chemicals, preventing continued reducing action. It also helps reintroduce oxygen and prepares the hair structure so the neutralizer can rebond disulfide links effectively, resulting in a safer, more predictable neutralization and better hair integrity.
A
Oxygen and neutralizes the lotion
B
Comfort to the client
C
Body waves
D
Cool
Difficulty: 1
The branch of science that deals with healthful living is:
Explanation:
Hygiene focuses on practices promoting health through cleanliness and disease prevention, aligning with healthful living. Dermatology studies skin diseases, cosmetology involves beauty treatments, and cosmetics relates to products, none of which encompass the broader lifestyle aspect. Hygiene's role in public health and personal care makes it the foundational science here, relevant to cosmetology practice.
A
Cosmetics
B
Cosmetology
C
Hygiene
D
Dermatology
Difficulty: 1
In cold waving the degree to which the hair will wave or curl depends on one of the following:
Explanation:
Curl size in a permanent wave is determined primarily by the diameter of the rod used. Smaller rods produce tighter curls and larger rods produce looser waves. Product type affects processing strength and time, and density or elasticity affect response, but rod size sets the finished curl size.
A
Acid or alkaline waving product
B
Hair elasticity
C
Diameter of the rod and number of rods used
D
Hair density
Difficulty: 2
The outer layer of the skin is known as the:
Explanation:
The outer layer of the skin serves as the body's first line of defense against external threats such as bacteria, UV radiation, and physical injury, and this layer is scientifically termed the epidermis. Comprising several sub-layers, the epidermis includes the stratum corneum, a tough outer barrier made of dead, keratin-filled cells that shed regularly, and the stratum basale, where new cells are produced through continuous cell division to replace those lost. Lacking blood vessels, the epidermis relies on nutrients diffused from the underlying dermis, which contains a rich network of blood vessels and nerves. This structure is crucial in cosmetology for procedures like chemical peels or moisturizing, where the condition of the epidermis directly impacts skin appearance and health. The dermis, located beneath, provides structural support with collagen and elastin, while the hypodermis is a deeper layer of fat for insulation and cushioning, not considered the outer layer. The cuticle, typically associated with nails or hair, does not apply to the skin's outer surface in this context.
A
Epidermis
B
Hypodermis
C
Dermis
D
Cuticle
Difficulty: 1
To minimize wide set eyes and make them appear closer, it is best to:
Explanation:
Wide-set eyes, where the distance between the inner corners exceeds the width of one eye (typically over 1.5 times the eye's horizontal measurement), can be optically adjusted through eyebrow shaping to create the illusion of closer proximity, enhancing facial harmony and balance according to principles of symmetry in makeup and cosmetology. The most effective technique is to extend the eyebrow line inside the corner of the eye, filling in or drawing the brows slightly inward beyond their natural starting point—toward the bridge of the nose—using a pencil or powder in a shade matching the natural hair color, which draws visual focus centrally and reduces the perceived gap by up to 20-30%, as demonstrated in tutorials from L'Oréal Paris and wikiHow. This method, ideal for round or oval faces, involves measuring with a brow pencil held vertically against the nostril's outer edge as a guide, then softly angling the extension to avoid a harsh or unnatural look, blending with a spoolie for seamless integration. Unlike shortening the outside line (which widens the appearance further), making the line straight (minimally impacts spacing but flattens expression), or arching the ends (emphasizes outer width, suitable for close-set eyes instead), inward extension creates a converging effect, complemented by darker inner-corner eyeshadow or liner to reinforce closeness. Factors like face shape (heart faces benefit more), brow density (sparse brows need microblading for permanence), and skin tone influence application, with tools like Anastasia Beverly Hills stencils aiding precision. This approach, rooted in optical illusions from art and psychology, boosts confidence by aligning with beauty standards, and is reversible unlike tattooing, with maintenance every 4-6 weeks via threading or waxing to sustain the shape, preventing over-plucking that could thin brows over time.
A
Shorten the outside eyebrow line on both sides
B
Extend the eyebrow line inside the corner of the eye
C
Arch the ends of the eyebrows
D
Make the eyebrow line straight
Difficulty: 2
Hair that is tapered and thinned well is:
Explanation:
Tapering and thinning remove bulk and weight from the hair shaft, lowering resistance to shape and allowing waves or finger wave patterns to hold more easily. Heavy, blunt hair resists molding because mass pulls styles down, so tapered and thinned hair is generally easier to wave and style.
A
Hard to wave
B
Finger wave
C
Easy to wave
D
Not wave
Difficulty: 1
Two types of fillers are conditioning fillers and:
Explanation:
The two main types of hair fillers in cosmetology are conditioning fillers and color fillers, where conditioning fillers are protein-based treatments that repair and equalize porosity by filling in damaged areas of the cuticle and cortex, improving elasticity and moisture retention, while color fillers deposit pigment to create a uniform base, preventing uneven absorption during subsequent tinting or darkening processes. Color fillers are particularly vital when going three or more levels darker to avoid green or muddy tones by reintroducing missing warm undertones like red or gold, using semi-permanent dyes mixed with low-volume developer for gentle application. Unlike cream fillers (a form but not a type category), toner fillers (for post-lightening), or process fillers (not standard), these address porosity variations caused by sun, heat, or chemicals, ensuring predictable color results. Application involves strand tests, sectioning, and 20-30 minute processing, often with brands like Wella or Redken offering specialized products. Dermatologists and stylists recommend them for damaged or over-processed hair, combining with Olaplex for bond repair, and they can be used in foils or globally. This classification from Milady's textbook aids in color correction, like filling brassy highlights, promoting healthy transitions and client education on maintenance with protein masks to sustain even porosity and vibrant, long-lasting color without breakage or fading.
A
Process fillers
B
Toner filler
C
Cream filler
D
Color fillers
Difficulty: 2
Using 40 volume of Hydrogen peroxide will produce:
Explanation:
Hydrogen peroxide volume indicates its oxidizing strength, with 40 volume (12%) being a high-lift agent used for significant lightening. It produces more deposit (color change) and high lift, suitable for dark hair to blonde, but risks damage if not controlled. Low deposit options imply weaker solutions (e.g., 10 or 20 volume), making 40 volume's high-lift capacity the defining characteristic in professional hair coloring.
A
Low deposit and low lift
B
No deposit and high lift
C
More deposit and high lift
D
Low deposit and high lift
Difficulty: 2
Scratches on a nail body could be the result from the use of:
Explanation:
Nail scratches often result from improper tool use. Strong polish remover, with its harsh solvents, can erode the nail plate if overapplied. A steel pusher on a dry nail risks scratching due to lack of lubrication, while orangewood sticks on a wet nail are gentler. The mechanical action of a dry pusher on a brittle nail surface explains the potential for scratches, a concern in manicure safety.
A
The orangewood sticks on a wet nail body
B
Strong polish remover
C
Steel pusher on a dry nail
D
Certain type of base coats
Difficulty: 2
Wavy ridge on a fingernail may be improved by rubbing the nail with:
Explanation:
Buffing with pumice powder gently abrades high spots in the keratin layers to level the plate. Creams and oils only condition and do not remove ridges, and polish remover is a solvent that can dehydrate and worsen surface irregularities.
A
Polish remover
B
Pumice powder
C
Cream
D
Oil
Difficulty: 1
The hair layer which is sometime missing in women's fine hair is the:
Explanation:
The cuticle is the outermost layer of hair that can sometimes be missing or underdeveloped in women's fine hair, affecting its strength and texture.
A
Cuticle
B
Medulla
C
Lanugo
D
Cortex
Difficulty: 2
What should the technician do to avoid chemically burning the skin during a permanent wave process?
Explanation:
Applying a protective base or barrier cream along the hairline and scalp areas acts as a shield against chemical penetration, minimizing irritation and chemical burns during the waving process. Cotton bands and caps help with solution control but do not replace the protective barrier, and removing them is not a preventive step.
A
Apply protective base
B
Remove plastic cap
C
Apply cotton band
D
Remove saturated cotton band
Difficulty: 2
The temperature of heated thermal irons depends on:
Explanation:
Heated thermal irons' temperature varies with the hair texture, as coarse or thick hair requires higher heat (e.g., 350-400°F) to style effectively, while fine hair needs lower heat (e.g., 250-300°F) to avoid damage. The Marcel iron technique, hair stylist skill, or manufacturer settings are secondary factors. Texture dictates heat settings to ensure styling without compromising hair integrity, a key principle in thermal styling.
A
Heater
B
The Marcel iron
C
Hair texture
D
Hair stylist
Difficulty: 2
The method of cutting the hair straight across while flat of hand against the neck is:
Explanation:
Club cutting also called blunt cutting creates a clean straight line at the ends. It is the classic technique used in nape work with the hand held flat against the neck. Tapering and slithering remove weight by graduating or thinning, and razor cutting leaves softer tapered ends rather than a blunt edge.
A
Tapering
B
Razor cutting
C
Slithering
D
Club cutting
Difficulty: 2
Shaping or cutting wet hair is done with a:
Explanation:
A razor is designed to be used on damp or wet hair to reduce friction and prevent tearing. Clippers and trimmers are primarily for dry hair and edging, while shears can cut wet hair but the technique specifically associated with wet shaping in state board style questions is the razor.
A
Clippers
B
Razor
C
Trimmer
D
Scissors
Difficulty: 3
Which of the following has acid
Explanation:
Astringents are mildly acidic solutions typically pH 3 to 5 that cause tissue contraction and temporary pore tightening. Cassia oil and lavender are essential oils rather than acids and almond is a food containing fats and proteins. Therefore the item that has an acidic character is an astringent.
A
Lavender
B
Astringent
C
Almond
D
Cassia oil
Difficulty: 2
If a client wants both a hair coloring and a permanent waving, you should:
Explanation:
Combining coloring and perming involves chemical processes (oxidation for color, reduction for perms) that can damage hair if simultaneous. Tinting first then perming, or applying tint a week later, risks uneven results due to altered cuticle states. The safest approach is perming first, waiting at least 3 days, then tinting to allow hair recovery and ensure chemical compatibility, a standard protocol in cosmetology.
A
Apply both chemical at the same time
B
Perm first then tint
C
Apply first tint one week later
D
Either first but has at least 3 days
Difficulty: 1
The most desirable hair length for best results in skip waving is:
Explanation:
For achieving the best results in skip waving—a cosmetology technique that alternates finger waves with rows of pin curls or ridge curls to create a textured, undulating pattern with skipped sections for added dimension and movement—the most desirable hair length is 8 to 10 inches, providing sufficient length to form defined waves and curls without excessive bulk or difficulty in manipulation. Shorter lengths like 1 to 2 inches limit wave formation to basic textures, 3 to 5 inches allow minimal skips but lack depth, and 7 to 8 inches offer moderate results, but 8 to 10 inches enable full expression of the skip pattern, allowing curls to interlock with waves for a cohesive, voluminous style that brushes out smoothly. This length accommodates various hair types: straight hair benefits from the extra grip for holding waves, wavy hair enhances natural patterns, and curly hair can be relaxed slightly for control. Cosmetologists use products like setting lotion or mousse to enhance hold, sectioning the hair precisely to alternate waves and curls, often on the sides for a retro flair inspired by 1920s-1940s aesthetics. Factors such as scalp health, hair porosity, and client lifestyle influence adaptations, ensuring the style remains practical and flattering, with longer lengths facilitating easier brushing and longevity for events or daily wear.
A
7 to 8 inches
B
8 to 10 inches
C
1 to 2 inches
D
3 to 5 inches
Difficulty: 1
Skill in the finger waving is important to the cosmetologist because it:
Explanation:
Skill in finger waving is crucial for cosmetologists as it serves as the foundation of styling, teaching essential techniques for manipulating hair shape, direction, and texture without relying on modern tools like curlers or irons. This method develops hand-eye coordination, precision in creating ridges and troughs, and an understanding of hair behavior under tension and moisture, principles that underpin advanced hairstyles such as updos, victory rolls, or contemporary waves. Unlike creating very tight waves (which is just one possible outcome), being easy to master (it's actually challenging and requires practice), or eliminating layers (it complements layering), finger waving builds core competencies in wet styling and sets the groundwork for creative expression in the field. Historically derived from Marcel waving but adapted for finger use, it emphasizes working with the hair's natural properties, helping professionals adapt to various hair types—from straight to wavy—and client needs, ultimately enhancing service quality, efficiency, and artistic capabilities in salon environments.
A
Is very easy to master
B
Creates very tight waves
C
Eliminates the use of layer
D
Is the foundation of styling
Difficulty: 1
The action of the chemical hair relaxer is to cause the hair:
Explanation:
Chemical hair relaxers, primarily used on tightly curled or coily hair textures common in individuals of African descent, function by chemically altering the hair's protein structure through the breaking of disulfide bonds—strong sulfur-containing cross-links in the keratin proteins that give hair its shape and strength—leading to the softening and swelling of the hair shaft, which allows it to be mechanically straightened and restructured into a looser, straighter form. This process involves applying a high-pH alkaline cream (such as sodium hydroxide in lye relaxers or guanidine hydroxide in no-lye versions) that penetrates the cuticle, swells the cortex by up to 30% due to water absorption facilitated by the broken bonds, and reduces the hair's natural curl pattern by 60-80%, making it more manageable but also more susceptible to damage like breakage, thinning, or dryness if not properly neutralized and conditioned afterward. Common side effects, as noted in studies from PMC and the International Journal of Trichology, include frizzy hair (67% of users), dandruff (61%), hair loss (47%), and increased porosity, which can lead to moisture imbalance and environmental vulnerability; moreover, long-term use has been linked to health risks such as uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and cancers due to endocrine-disrupting chemicals like parabens and phthalates absorbed through the scalp. Unlike processes that form new curls (as in perms), harden and set (like styling gels), or shrink the hair (not a typical effect), relaxing specifically softens by denaturing proteins, requiring careful application timing (10-20 minutes) based on hair type—virgin vs. previously treated—to avoid over-processing, with post-treatment care involving protein treatments to rebuild bonds and moisturizers to restore hydration. Cosmetologists must perform strand tests, base the scalp with protectants to prevent burns, and follow with neutralizers to reform bonds at a lower pH, ensuring safety and efficacy; regulations in regions like the EU ban certain harsh ingredients, highlighting the need for informed use and alternatives like keratin treatments for gentler straightening.
A
Shrink
B
Harden and set
C
Soften and swell
D
Form new curls
Difficulty: 1
When hair is bleached to red-gold, which tone base produce a neutralizer effect?
Explanation:
When hair is bleached to a red-gold tone, which typically presents as a warm, brassy shade with underlying red and yellow (gold) pigments at around level 7-8 on the hair color scale, a violet tone base is used to produce a neutralizer effect by counteracting the unwanted warmth according to the principles of the color wheel. Violet, being the complementary color to yellow/gold, effectively cancels out the gold tones, while its blue undertones help subdue the red, resulting in a more neutral, balanced ash or beige shade without over-toning or darkening the hair excessively. In contrast, orange would intensify the warmth, green primarily neutralizes red but might leave gold tones unaddressed (potentially creating a muddy effect), and gold would enhance the existing warmth. This neutralization process is vital in color correction after bleaching, involving application of a toner or semi-permanent color with violet base, considering factors like hair porosity, previous treatments, and desired end result to avoid damage and achieve even toning. Cosmetologists use this knowledge to refine bleached hair, ensuring client satisfaction with natural-looking colors that complement skin tones and maintain hair integrity through proper formulation and timing.
A
Green
B
Orange
C
Violet
D
Gold
Difficulty: 2
Hormonal changes during puberty cause some areas of vellus hair to be replaced with:
Explanation:
During puberty, hormonal shifts, particularly increases in androgens, trigger the transformation of vellus hair (fine, short, and lightly pigmented) into terminal hair (coarser, darker, and longer) in areas like the underarms and pubic region. Lanugo hair, typically present in fetuses, is shed before or shortly after birth and not relevant here. Medulla hair refers to the inner layer of some hair types, not a replacement process. The distinction lies in the physiological response to hormonal cues, making terminal hair the correct outcome of this developmental change.
A
Lanugo
B
Gray hair
C
Terminal hair
D
Medulla
Difficulty: 2
The immunity that is inherited refers as:
Explanation:
Inherited immunity, or natural immunity, is passed genetically from parents, providing innate resistance (e.g., to certain diseases) without exposure. Acquired immunity develops post-exposure, vaccination involves artificial immunization, and susceptible indicates lack of immunity. Natural immunity's basis in genetic factors like antibodies or phagocytes underscores its congenital nature, relevant in health-related cosmetology contexts.
A
Vaccination
B
Natural
C
Susceptible
D
Acquired
Difficulty: 2
A healthy scalp should have a pH level of approximately:
Explanation:
A healthy scalp maintains a pH level ranging from approximately 4.5 to 5.5, establishing an acidic environment known as the acid mantle that serves as a protective barrier against harmful microorganisms, regulates moisture, and supports overall scalp health. This acidity is maintained by natural sebum and sweat secretions, creating an inhospitable environment for pathogens while fostering a balanced microbiome. Hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, are often formulated within this pH range to preserve the scalp's natural state and maximize efficacy. A pH of 6.5 to 7.5, while closer to neutral skin pH, is less optimal for the scalp as it may disrupt this balance, whereas 3 to 4 is excessively acidic, potentially irritating, and 7 to 8 is too alkaline, risking dryness or microbial overgrowth. Understanding this pH range is critical in cosmetology for selecting appropriate hair and scalp treatments.
A
7 - 8
B
3 - 4
C
4.5 - 5.5
D
6.5 - 7.5
Difficulty: 1
The carpal bones are classed as:
Explanation:
Carpals are small gliding bones typically categorized as short bones rather than flat or round. Given the choices irregular shape is the best available classification and distinguishes them from flat bones like the scapula.
A
Irregular shape
B
Flat shape
C
Regular shape
D
Round shape
Difficulty: 1
Pin curls placed behind the ridgeline of a shaping, are called:
Explanation:
Pin curls strategically positioned immediately behind or below the ridgeline—the elevated crest or wave formation in a shaping or finger wave—are known as ridge curls, a specialized technique used to reinforce and define wave patterns by adding underlying support and texture. These curls form a wave when brushed out, creating a seamless transition between ridges for a polished, sculpted effect often seen in retro hairstyles like 1930s Hollywood waves or modern editorial looks. Unlike roller curls, which use cylindrical tools for uniform volume; pivot curls, which rotate around a point for directional movement; or sculpture curls, a broader term for artistic pin curls; ridge curls specifically enhance ridge definition, allowing for stronger, more durable waves that hold against humidity or movement. In practice, cosmetologists create ridge curls by winding small sections clockwise or counterclockwise along the ridge, securing with clips, and considering hair texture—curly hair may need less winding, straight hair more tension—to achieve optimal lift and flow. This method integrates with skip waves or full finger waving, promoting volume at the sides or crown while minimizing flatness, and requires skill in sectioning and drying to prevent frizz or collapse, ultimately contributing to versatile, long-lasting styles that elevate professional services.
A
Pivot curls
B
Roller curls
C
Ridge curls
D
Sculpture curls
Difficulty: 2
To avoid overlapping in a “touch up” color the new growth about:
Explanation:
When performing a touch-up, color should be applied starting about 1/16 inch away from the tinted hair to avoid overlapping onto previously colored hair. Overlapping can cause uneven color and damage. Applying too far away would leave a gap, and applying directly on tinted hair causes overprocessing.
A
1/16 inch from tinted hair
B
1/16 inch over tinted hair
C
1/4 inch over tinted hair
D
1/4 inch up to tinted hair
Difficulty: 1
If tension is used when wrapping the hair for permanent waving, the action of the cold wave solution could be:
Explanation:
If excessive tension is applied when wrapping hair for a permanent wave, the action of the cold wave solution—typically containing ammonium thioglycolate to break disulfide bonds—could be retarded, as the stretched hair fibers compress, limiting solution penetration and swelling, resulting in slower processing, uneven curls, or under-permed sections with potential for dryness or breakage. This occurs because tension restricts the hair's natural expansion during chemical restructuring, preventing thorough saturation and bond reformation around the rod. In contrast, proper wrapping uses even, moderate tension for smooth placement without pulling, ensuring optimal curl formation. Sources like Milady and salon forums highlight risks of too much tension causing frizz, weak waves, or hair stress, recommending relaxation techniques and end papers for control. Factors like hair texture—fine hair more susceptible—or rod size influence tension needs, with over-tension often leading to 'fishhook' ends or scalp irritation. Cosmetologists perform test curls to adjust, processing 5-25 minutes based on strength, and neutralize to stop action. This principle, from two-step perming (reduction then oxidation), underscores gentle handling for durable, bouncy results, educating clients on aftercare like protein treatments to restore strength post-service.
A
Hastened
B
Retarded
C
Accelerated
D
Stopped
Difficulty: 1
The main ingredient of nail polish is:
Explanation:
Nitrocellulose is the primary ingredient that gives nail polish its film-forming properties.
A
White lead
B
Glue
C
Nitro cellulose
D
70% alcohol
Difficulty: 1
Hair strength and elasticity are traceable to the:
Explanation:
Hair strength and elasticity—the ability to withstand tension, stretching, and environmental stressors while returning to its original shape—are primarily traceable to the cortex, the thick middle layer of the hair shaft composed of keratin proteins arranged in coiled bundles that provide structural integrity and flexibility. The cortex, making up 80-90% of the hair's mass, contains hydrogen, salt, and disulfide bonds that enable up to 30-50% stretch when wet and resilience when dry, influenced by genetics, nutrition, and care routines. In contrast, the medulla is an inner core often absent in fine hair and contributes minimally; the cuticle is the protective outer layer for shine and barrier function but not core strength; and the follicle is the root structure for growth, not shaft properties. Damage from heat, chemicals, or UV exposure weakens cortical bonds, leading to brittleness, while treatments like protein masks reinforce them. Understanding this anatomy allows cosmetologists to tailor services, such as recommending deep conditioning for low-elasticity hair or avoiding over-processing, ensuring healthy, vibrant styles that maintain form and resist breakage over time.
A
Cuticle
B
Follicle
C
Cortex
D
Medulla
Difficulty: 2
During a shampoo, what should be used when massaging and lathering the client's scalp and hair?
Explanation:
Use the cushions or pads of the fingers when massaging and lathering during shampoo. The pads provide effective pressure to distribute product and increase scalp circulation without scratching or injuring the skin. Fingernails can cause abrasions and discomfort, while palms or thumbs do not provide the same focused action.
A
The cushions of the fingers
B
The thumb only
C
The palm of your hand
D
Your fingernails
Difficulty: 1
Covered containers must be used for the storage of:
Explanation:
Covered containers prevent contamination and evaporation, essential for all cosmetics (creams, liquids, lotions) to maintain efficacy and safety. Storing only creams or liquids excludes other forms, while all cosmetics encompasses the broadest category, aligning with hygiene standards in professional settings.
A
All cosmetics
B
Lotions only
C
Liquids only
D
Cream only
Difficulty: 2
Watery blisters and thick white skin between the toes are signs of:
Explanation:
Watery blisters and thick white skin between the toes are characteristic symptoms of athlete's foot.
A
Onychia
B
Sân sọc chân
C
Athlete's foot
D
Pterygium
Difficulty: 1
When winding the hair in the curling iron close to the scalp, cosmetologist must place a hard rubber comb between the curling iron and the scalp to:
Explanation:
The hard rubber comb acts as a heat barrier so the iron does not contact skin, preventing scalp burns while still allowing close placement and tension. It is not for protecting hair, increasing glide, or preventing hair burning which is controlled by temperature and time.
A
Prevent burning hair
B
Protect the hair
C
Prevent burning scalp
D
Glide easily
Difficulty: 2
To determine the hair's degree of elasticity, it is known as the:
Explanation:
Elasticity measures hair's ability to stretch and return to shape, a vital property in cosmetology for assessing hair health before chemical treatments. The strand test involves stretching a hair strand to evaluate elasticity, the allergy test checks for reactions, the push test assesses texture, and the pull test measures shedding. The strand test's focus on physical properties makes it the standard for elasticity assessment.
A
Push test
B
Allergy test
C
Strand test
D
Pull test
Difficulty: 2
The direction of the natural flow of hair on the scalp is known as the hair:
Explanation:
The natural flow of hair is determined by the growth pattern and is often referred to as the whorl or cowlick.
A
Stream
B
Cowlick
C
Arch
D
Whorl
Difficulty: 2
The suction machine usually is used on small sections of the face when treating
Explanation:
Vacuum suction helps mobilize sebum and loosen comedones for extraction and is therefore used on blemished or acne prone skin. It may be irritating for dry or aging skin and is unnecessary on normal skin. Small sectional use helps avoid bruising and over stimulation.
A
Normal skin
B
Dry skin
C
Aging skin
D
Blemished skin
Difficulty: 2
Why should you use conditioner filler before applying thio chemical relaxer?
Explanation:
Thio relaxers break disulfide bonds in hair to straighten it, which can lead to damage if the hair is porous or uneven. A conditioner filler, rich in proteins and moisturizers, coats the hair, evening out porosity and providing a protective base, enhancing relaxer uniformity and reducing breakage. Conditioning alone or even color application doesn't address porosity, while faster action or dye removal are unrelated to the process's preparatory needs.
A
Even porosity
B
Conditioning
C
Even color
D
Faster action
Difficulty: 1
The hair, which can be thinned closest to the scalp, is:
Explanation:
In cosmetology, coarse hair can be thinned closest to the scalp because it has a thicker diameter and greater density, allowing stylists to remove bulk right near the roots without causing the hair to appear too sparse or damaged. Thinning shears or razors can be applied as close as 1/2 inch from the scalp on coarse hair to effectively reduce volume and prevent a bulky appearance, while blending seamlessly due to the hair's robust structure. In contrast, fine hair requires thinning farther from the scalp (typically 1-1.5 inches away) to avoid making it look limp, stringy, or overly thin, as its delicate strands do not blend as well when cut too close. Medium hair falls in between, often thinned about 1 inch away, and damaged hair should be approached cautiously regardless of texture to prevent further breakage. This principle is taught in cosmetology training to help stylists tailor cutting techniques to different hair types, ensuring optimal results for texture management, style longevity, and client satisfaction. Factors like hair porosity, elasticity, and overall health also influence how close thinning can be done, but texture is the primary determinant.
A
Fine hair
B
Medium hair
C
Damaged hair
D
Coarse hair
Difficulty: 1
No person shall massage a surface of skin or a scalp on a patron that is
Explanation:
Massaging infected skin can spread bacteria or worsen the condition, so it is prohibited in cosmetology practices.
A
Black patch
B
Dead cell
C
Infected
D
White patch
Difficulty: 2
A round thickened patch of epidermis caused by friction is called
Explanation:
A keratoma also called a callus is a localized thickening of the stratum corneum produced by repeated friction or pressure. Chloasma is hyperpigmentation from hormonal influences lentigines are freckles and leucoderma is a loss of pigment. Only keratoma matches a thickened patch from friction.
A
Lentigines
B
Chloasma
C
Leucoderma
D
Keratoma
Difficulty: 1
Around 35 to 40 hairs lose a day is considered normal. 40% of men and women show some degree of hair loss by the age:
Explanation:
Losing around 35 to 40 hairs per day is within the normal range of the hair growth cycle, where telogen effluvium or daily shedding occurs as part of the anagen (growth), catagen (transition), and telogen (resting) phases, but statistics indicate that approximately 40% of both men and women experience some noticeable degree of hair loss by age 35, often due to androgenetic alopecia influenced by genetics, hormones like DHT, stress, diet, or medical conditions. This figure combines male pattern baldness, which affects about 66% of men by 35 with receding hairlines or crown thinning, and female pattern hair loss, impacting around 40% of women with diffuse thinning, reflecting a blended average. Factors such as ethnicity, lifestyle, and environmental exposures accelerate onset, with early intervention through minoxidil, finasteride, or scalp treatments potentially halting progression. Cosmetologists play a role in early detection during consultations, recommending volumizing styles or products to camouflage thinning while advising medical referrals for underlying issues like thyroid disorders or nutritional deficiencies, fostering client education on preventive care like gentle handling and balanced nutrition to maintain hair health into later decades.
A
45
B
30
C
35
D
55
Difficulty: 1
For best results when thinning and shaping the neckline, use the:
Explanation:
Detailing at the neckline is most precise with point cutting using the tips of the scissors. This allows controlled removal and soft blending. Clippers can leave hard lines, thinning shears are for interior bulk removal, and full blade scissor cutting lacks edge precision.
A
Scissor
B
Clipper
C
Points of the scissor
D
Thinning shear
Difficulty: 1
Mobility of a pin curl is determined by its:
Explanation:
The mobility of a pin curl, referring to the degree of movement, bounce, or swing the curl exhibits once set and released, is primarily determined by its stem, which is the portion of hair extending from the base to the first turn of the circle and acts as a flexible connector influencing how far the curl can deviate from the scalp. A no-stem curl (where the circle sits directly on the base) offers no mobility, ideal for flat, close-to-head styles; a half-stem curl provides medium mobility for subtle volume; and a full-stem curl allows maximum mobility, creating stand-up volume or cascading effects. This is distinct from the base (which anchors the curl), the pivot (not a standard term in pin curling, possibly referring to rotation point), or the circle (which shapes the curl but not its movement). Understanding stem control enables cosmetologists to design hairstyles with precise volume placement, such as building height at the crown or allowing soft flow around the face, adapting to hair length, density, and client preferences. This concept extends to roller sets and thermal curling, where similar principles govern curl dynamics, emphasizing the importance of sectioning and tension in achieving professional, long-lasting results that enhance natural features and suit various occasions.
A
Circle
B
Pivot
C
Base
D
Stem
Difficulty: 2
To determine the hair's degree of elasticity is known as the:
Explanation:
The strand test involves stretching a hair strand to assess its elasticity.
A
Allergy test
B
Pull test
C
Strand test
D
Push test
Difficulty: 2
Potential Hydrogen (pH) of the skin range from:
Explanation:
The skin's natural pH ranges from 4.5 to 5.5, reflecting its acidic mantle that protects against pathogens and maintains barrier function. Values like 1-3 or 7-9 are too extreme, and 3-4 or 5-7 are narrower or less accurate. This acidic range is crucial for product compatibility in skincare, influencing formulation pH.
A
1 - 3
B
7 - 9
C
3 - 4
D
4.5 - 5.5
Difficulty: 2
Wet normal hair can stretch its natural length about:
Explanation:
When hair is wet, water breaks some of the hydrogen bonds in keratin and the fiber swells, increasing elasticity. Typical wet elongation for normal hair is around 40% to 50% of its original length. Much smaller percentages describe dry elasticity, while values like 50% to 70% would be an overestimate for normal hair.
A
20% - 25%
B
50% - 70%
C
40% - 50%
D
10% - 15%
Difficulty: 2
Hair removal by wax, shaving, electrolysis, and tweezing are among the treatments for:
Explanation:
These methods are used to remove unwanted hair, often linked to conditions like hirsutism or hypertrichosis.
A
Pityriasis capitis simplex
B
Hypertrichosis
C
Trichorrhexis nodosa
D
Androgenic Alopecia
Difficulty: 1
The three phases of hair growth are anagen, catagen, and:
Explanation:
Hair growth cycles through three distinct phases: anagen (active growth), catagen (transitional regression), and telogen (resting phase, where hair is shed). Telogen is the final phase, preparing the follicle for a new anagen cycle. Transition and growth phases are part of anagen or overall development, not distinct stages, making telogen the correct completion of the cycle, a fundamental concept in trichology and hair care.
A
Telogen
B
Final phase
C
Growth phase
D
Telegen
Difficulty: 1
The action of hydrogen peroxide is hastened by the addition of:
Explanation:
The oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide in hair coloring or lightening is hastened by the addition of 28% ammonia, an alkaline agent that raises pH to open the cuticle, accelerate decomposition into oxygen radicals, and enhance melanin breakdown for faster lifting and color development. This combination in permanent dyes or bleaches speeds processing time, allowing 1-4 levels of lift depending on volume (10-40), but requires careful formulation to avoid over-oxidation leading to dryness or breakage. Distilled, hard, or soft water dilute but don't hasten; hard water with minerals might even inhibit. Ammonia's role, as in Vinci Hair Clinic insights, includes swelling the shaft for dye penetration, with concentrations like 28% in professional developers ensuring efficiency. Safety involves ventilation, patch tests for allergies, and neutralizers post-process to stabilize pH. In rocket fuels or glow sticks, H2O2 reacts differently, but in hair, this synergy enables vibrant, long-lasting colors, with alternatives like MEA for ammonia-free options slowing action for gentler use. Cosmetologists monitor timing—shorter with ammonia—considering hair health, as excessive haste risks uneven results or damage, emphasizing balanced mixes for optimal, healthy transformations.
A
Hard water
B
Soft water
C
28% ammonia
D
Distilled water
Difficulty: 3
The permanent wave neutralizer is designed to stop the action of the waving lotion and:
Explanation:
Neutralizer stops the chemical reducing action by re-oxidizing the broken disulfide bonds and reforming them into their new curled shape. It effectively 'rebonds' or 'locks in' the curl pattern established by the waving solution. Relaxing curled hair would undo the wave, and softening or closing the cuticle are secondary outcomes but not the main chemical purpose.
A
Close hair cuticle
B
Soften and swell
C
Rebonds or reform the new curls
D
Relax curled hair
Difficulty: 1
Before giving a finger to wave, should be located on the:
Explanation:
Before performing a finger wave, the starting point should be located on the natural wave line of the hair, which refers to the inherent direction and pattern in which the hair naturally falls or waves based on its growth from the follicle. This ensures that the created waves align harmoniously with the hair's natural tendencies, resulting in a more durable, natural-looking style that holds better and requires less product or manipulation. If the finger wave is started on new hair growth, it might not integrate well with the rest of the hair; on a partial hairline, it could look uneven; and on the line of demarcation (often relevant in color-treated hair), it may highlight regrowth issues. Finger waving, a classic technique popularized in the 1920s and 1930s for creating S-shaped waves using fingers, comb, and setting lotion, relies on this foundational step to achieve symmetry and elegance. Cosmetologists are trained to assess the natural wave line by combing the hair in its natural direction and observing its fall, which varies by individual due to factors like cowlicks, hair texture, and scalp shape, making this a critical skill for personalized styling.
A
Partial hair line
B
New hair growth
C
Line of demarcation
D
Natural wave line
Difficulty: 1
When your hand has a chap (fissure), what do you do protect your client and yourself:
Explanation:
Wearing gloves prevents the spread of infection from a chapped hand to the client and protects the skin.
A
Continue working
B
Stop Working
C
Wear gloves
D
Put protective cream on that area
Difficulty: 2
Cosmetology textbooks recommend that a steel pusher be used on a moist nail:
Explanation:
Moistening provides lubrication so the metal pusher glides without scratching the nail plate. This has nothing to do with circulation, the nail mantle, or visibility of the lunula.
A
So the lunula can be seen
B
To prevent scratching of the nail plate
C
So the mantle will not be disturbed
D
To increase circulation
Difficulty: 2
How long does it take to do a P.D test in order to apply artificial eyelashes
Explanation:
A predisposition test for lash adhesive must be performed at least 24 hours before application to detect delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Waiting only minutes is insufficient to reveal a true allergic response.
A
24 hours
B
20 minutes
C
Over 10 minutes
D
7 to 10 minutes
Difficulty: 2
Cocci are bacteria having a round shape, bacilli are bacteria having a rod shape, and spirilla are bacteria having a corkscrew shape. All of them are:
Explanation:
Bacteria are categorized by their morphology, which is critical for microbiological identification and treatment strategies. Cocci, being spherical, can form clusters (e.g., Staphylococcus) or chains (e.g., Streptococcus), with some causing infections like pneumonia or strep throat. Bacilli, with their rod-like structure, include beneficial species like Lactobacillus (used in yogurt fermentation) and pathogens like Escherichia coli (causing food poisoning). Spirilla, with their spiral shape, include harmless species like Spirillum volutans and pathogenic ones like Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease). The question probes the general nature of these bacteria, which can range from symbiotic (aiding digestion) to pathogenic (causing disease), requiring a nuanced understanding of microbial ecology.
A
Harmful bacteria
B
Helpful bacteria
C
Harmless bacteria
D
Curved shape
Difficulty: 2
Pathogenic bacteria that require living matter for growth are called
Explanation:
Parasites depend on a living host for nutrients and reproduction which fits pathogenic bacteria that grow only in living tissue. Pimples boils and pus are conditions or byproducts of infection not organisms.
A
Boils
B
Pus
C
Parasites
D
Pimples
Difficulty: 1
When sectioning for a cold wave, each section should be:
Explanation:
When sectioning hair for a cold wave permanent, each section should be 1/2 inch shorter than the rod to ensure the hair fits neatly within the rod's length, allowing end papers to fold over without overhang, preventing fishhook ends, uneven curling, or solution drips, while promoting uniform wave patterns and reducing tension issues. This sizing—width slightly narrower than the rod (often 1/2 inch less)—facilitates secure wrapping, as the rod typically spans 2-4 inches, and sections match for density control based on hair thickness equaling the rod diameter. Unlike longer sections that cause bulging or slippage, or much shorter ones limiting curl size, this standard from Milady's guidelines optimizes chemical penetration in nine-section patterns (crown to nape), adapting for styles like bricklay or halo. Cosmetologists use combs for precise parting, considering scalp shape and desired volume—shorter sections for tighter curls—and test for elasticity pre-wrap. Historical cold waves, sans heat, rely on accurate sectioning for safety, minimizing breakage on fine hair or over-processing on coarse. This technique ensures long-lasting, bouncy results, with post-perm care like neutralizing and conditioning vital for bond reformation and client satisfaction in achieving desired textures from spirals to body waves.
A
1/2 inch shorter than the rod
B
1/2 inch longer than the rod
C
1 inch longer than the rod
D
1/4 inch longer than the rod
Difficulty: 1
Metallic salts are found in:
Explanation:
Metallic salts, such as lead acetate, silver nitrate, or copper compounds, are found in progressive hair dyes—gradual colorants that darken hair over repeated applications by reacting with sulfur in keratin to form metallic sulfides, providing subtle gray coverage without immediate drastic change. These dyes build color progressively, often used in men's products for natural-looking results, but they can cause brittleness, discoloration with other chemicals, or green casts, making them incompatible with perms or oxidative colors due to potential reactions like hair melting. Unlike vegetable tints (plant-based for coating), aniline tints (synthetic for penetration), or crayon tints (temporary waxes), progressive dyes with metallic salts require daily application until desired shade, then maintenance, with effects permanent until grown out. Cosmetologists rarely recommend them today due to health concerns (lead toxicity) and better alternatives, but historically popular in the mid-20th century for discreet aging solutions. Regulations limit concentrations, and patch tests are essential to avoid irritation. Application involves combing through dry hair, avoiding scalp contact, with results varying by natural color—darker on grays—and potential for unevenness if overused, emphasizing the need for professional advice to transition to safer demi-permanent options.
A
Progressive hair dye
B
Vegetable hair tints
C
Crayon color tints
D
Aniline hair tints
Difficulty: 1
The nail root begins from an actively growing tissue called the:
Explanation:
The matrix is the living tissue that produces the nail plate; its front visible portion appears as the lunula. The eponychium is the proximal fold cuticle area and the hyponychium is under the free edge.
A
Matrix
B
Lunula
C
Hyponichium
D
Eponychium
Difficulty: 1
What lightest color in primary color?
Explanation:
Yellow is considered the lightest of the primary colors (red, blue, yellow).
A
White
B
Pink
C
Blue
D
Yellow
Difficulty: 2
An inflammatory condition of the tissues surrounding the nail is known as:
Explanation:
This condition involves inflammation around the nail, often due to infection, trauma, or irritation. Onychatrophia refers to nail atrophy or wasting, Onychia to nail bed inflammation, Paronychia to the specific inflammation of the surrounding tissue (commonly caused by bacteria or fungi), and Onychoptosis to nail shedding. Paronychia is distinguished by its location and frequent association with swelling or pus, making it a key diagnosis in nail care and cosmetology.
A
Onychatrophia
B
Paronychia
C
Onychia
D
Onychoptosis
Difficulty: 2
To insure long lasting springy curls, the hair strand must be rib boned, stretched and wound uniformly, and each curl is:
Explanation:
For consistent curls, each strand should be directed away from the face and wound uniformly.
A
Directed toward the face
B
Directed away from the face
C
Place off base
D
Placed correctly on base
Difficulty: 2
When coloring with half lift and half deposit, which volume of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) will you use?
Explanation:
Half lift half deposit services use a mid strength developer near the classic twenty volume range that both slightly lifts and deposits. Among the choices provided twenty is not listed and twenty five volume is the closest match; five is too weak for lift, fifteen is mostly deposit, and thirty five is a high lift choice.
A
5 volume
B
25 volume
C
35 volume
D
15 volume
Difficulty: 1
What is lightest color in primary color?
Explanation:
Primary colors (red, blue, yellow) form the basis of color mixing, with white being the absence of color or the lightest perceivable hue due to full light reflection. Yellow, while light, is a primary color itself, and other options like mauve (a pale purple) or blue are darker or secondary. In cosmetology, understanding light reflection aids in color correction and hair dyeing, where white serves as a theoretical maximum lightness.
A
Mauve
B
Yellow
C
Blue
D
White
Difficulty: 1
Egyptian henna colors the hair by:
Explanation:
Egyptian henna, derived from the Lawsonia inermis plant, colors the hair by coating the hair shaft with lawsone molecules that bind to the keratin proteins on the exterior, creating a semi-permanent layer that adds reddish tones while conditioning and strengthening the hair without penetrating deeper structures. This coating mechanism provides a natural, translucent color that builds over applications, enhancing shine and thickness but allowing the underlying pigment to show through for multi-dimensional effects. Unlike penetrating methods that alter the cuticle or cortex, henna's external adhesion minimizes damage, making it suitable for sensitive scalps or damaged hair, with results lasting 4-6 weeks depending on porosity and washing frequency. Traditional use in ancient Egypt for body art and hair extended to modern cosmetology for organic alternatives, often mixed with indigo or cassia for varied shades like copper or auburn. Cosmetologists must perform strand tests due to variability in henna quality (body art vs. compound), ensuring no metallic salts are present to avoid reactions with other chemicals. This non-oxidative process requires longer development (1-3 hours) under heat, and while it coats the entire shaft, it doesn't lift color, limiting use on dark hair to subtle warmth. Benefits include UV protection and anti-fungal properties, but removal is challenging, emphasizing client education on commitment and aftercare like sulfate-free shampoos to preserve the coating.
A
Coating the hair shaft
B
Coating the medulla
C
Penetrate the hair cortex
D
Penetrate the hair cuticle
Difficulty: 1
To avoid splits or breaks at the front or facial hairline, use:
Explanation:
To prevent unwanted splits, breaks, or visible separations in the finished hairstyle along the sensitive front or facial hairline, where hair is often finer and more prone to uneven blending due to growth patterns, cowlicks, or styling stress, triangular bases are recommended in pin curl techniques. The triangular shape of the base—formed by sectioning the hair into a three-sided partition—allows the curls to overlap seamlessly when combed out, creating a smooth, continuous flow that disguises potential gaps and maintains structural integrity. In contrast, square bases provide uniform volume but can lead to blocky appearances; circular bases offer rounded effects suitable for waves but may not blend as well at edges; and pivot curls focus on rotation rather than base shape for mobility. This approach is crucial in areas like the hairline, where natural contours demand precision to avoid a 'pieced-together' look, especially in updos, bobs, or vintage styles. Cosmetologists assess hair density and direction before sectioning, using clips to secure and ensuring even moisture for setting, which enhances hold and reduces breakage risks from tension. Triangular bases also accommodate facial framing, complementing bone structures like oval or heart-shaped faces, and are taught in foundational training to promote client confidence through flawless, natural finishes that withstand daily wear.
A
Triangular bases
B
Square bases
C
Circular bases
D
Pivot curls
Difficulty: 1
A substance used for lubricating the skin during massage is:
Explanation:
Lubricants reduce friction during massage, enhancing comfort. Petroleum cream and emollient cream provide moisture and glide, while paraffin is a wax used for heat therapy, not lubrication. The choice depends on skin type, with petroleum's occlusive nature and emollients' hydrating properties being standard in massage therapy, a key aspect of spa treatments.
A
Petroleum cream
B
Paraffin
C
Essential oil
D
Emollient cream
Difficulty: 1
Muscle in the skin that contracts and causes "goose flesh" is the:
Explanation:
The arrector pili muscle, also known as the piloerector muscle, is a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers attached to the base of each hair follicle in the dermis layer of the skin, and its primary function is to contract in response to various stimuli such as cold temperatures, emotional states like fear or excitement, or even certain sounds, causing the hair to stand upright in a phenomenon commonly referred to as piloerection or 'goosebumps.' This contraction pulls the hair follicle into a more vertical position, creating small elevations on the skin surface that resemble the skin of a plucked goose, hence the term 'goose flesh.' The arrector pili is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, part of the autonomic nervous system, which triggers this involuntary response as part of the body's fight-or-flight mechanism, originally evolved in mammals to trap air for insulation against cold or to make the animal appear larger to predators. In humans, where body hair is finer and less dense, this response is vestigial but still occurs, and it can also be linked to emotional piloerection, such as during moments of awe or when listening to moving music, as studies have shown correlations with psychological states. Histologically, the muscle is obliquely oriented, connecting the follicular bulge to the papillary dermis, and its contraction not only erects the hair but may also aid in sebum expulsion from sebaceous glands for skin lubrication. Unlike skeletal muscles like the orbicularis oculi (which controls eyelid movement) or structural components like the follicle (housing the hair) or root (base of the hair), the arrector pili specifically mediates this cutaneous response. Research from sources like PMC and Wikipedia highlights its role beyond mere aesthetics, potentially influencing stem cell niches in the hair follicle for regeneration, and conditions like hypertrichosis or certain neuropathies can affect its function, leading to abnormal piloerection. In cosmetology, understanding this muscle is crucial for treatments involving skin stimulation, such as facials or hair removal, where avoiding irritation to prevent unwanted goosebumps or inflammation is key, and it underscores the interconnectedness of skin, hair, and nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.
A
Follicle
B
Arrector pili
C
Orbicularis oculi
D
Root
Difficulty: 1
A double treatment with a heated comb for pressing hair is known as:
Explanation:
A double treatment with a heated comb for pressing hair, a thermal straightening technique primarily for textured or coily hair, is known as a hard press, involving two passes of the hot comb (heated to 300-450°F) after initial cleansing and conditioning to achieve maximum straightness and smoothness, removing up to 100% of curl compared to a soft press (one pass, 50-60% curl removal) or regular/comb press (general terms). This method, using tools like electric ceramic combs with even heat distribution and anti-scald features, applies oil or silicone protectants to shield from heat damage, with the first pass detangling and the second refining for silkier results lasting 1-2 weeks, but requires caution to avoid burns or breakage, especially on relaxed hair where direct heat intensifies vulnerability. As discussed in Long Hair Care Forum and YouTube tutorials, hard pressing suits thick, resistant hair but is riskier for fine types, with alternatives like TYMO RING or Red by Kiss combs offering adjustable settings (low 160-180°C for normal, high 180-200°C for coarse) and dual wet/dry use for versatility. Cosmetologists recommend strand tests, basing the scalp, and post-treatment moisturizers to combat dryness, noting that while effective for sleek styles, frequent use can lead to heat damage, split ends, or traction alopecia, prompting shifts to gentler methods like blow-drying on low heat. Historical roots in African American beauty practices evolved from stove-heated combs, emphasizing cultural significance in manageability and aesthetics, with modern innovations like ceramic coatings reducing frizz and enhancing shine for professional salon results.
A
Regular press
B
Soft press
C
Hard press
D
Comb press
Difficulty: 1
When blunt cutting, the hair is held outward by:
Explanation:
Blunt cutting is a one length technique. The comb supports and projects the hair while the shears cut a straight line. Fingers are used for layered or graduated work, clips only section hair, and the scissor blade does not hold the hair.
A
The blade of scissors
B
The combs
C
Plastic clamps
D
Index and middle fingers
Difficulty: 2
An ingredient used in mask that has stimulating effect & its drawing action absorbs oil & dead cells is:
Explanation:
Masks often include ingredients to detoxify and stimulate. Fuller earth (clay) absorbs oil and removes dead cells while stimulating circulation, zinc oxide soothes but lacks drawing action, and chamomile calms without significant absorption. The clay's adsorbent properties and mild exfoliation make it ideal for oily skin treatments in cosmetology.
A
Herbal jelly
B
Fuller earth
C
Zinc oxide
D
Chamomile
Difficulty: 1
When tapering with the razor, the amount of hair cut in one stroke depends on:
Explanation:
In razor tapering, removal per stroke is controlled by the blade angle relative to the hair shaft. A shallow angle removes little, a steeper angle removes more. Density, razor style, and texture influence technique choice but not the immediate amount removed by a single stroke.
A
Style of razor
B
Texture of hair
C
Angle that razor is held
D
Density of the hair
Difficulty: 1
For dry skin people, commercial mask should have:
Explanation:
Dry skin requires emollients to restore moisture and protect the barrier. Petrolatum (petroleum cream) and emollient ingredients lock in hydration, bee wax adds a occlusive layer, and soft skin emollient is a descriptive term. Petrolatum's occlusive properties make it a standard choice in hydrating masks.
A
Petroleum cream
B
Bee wax
C
Pectin paraffin
D
Emollient
Difficulty: 2
Forcing an alkaline solution into the skin with the negative galvanic pole is best for which skin type:
Explanation:
Anaphoresis uses the negative pole to drive alkaline solutions, soften tissue, and emulsify sebum. It helps desincrust congested follicles, making it most appropriate for acne prone and oily skin rather than dry or dehydrated skin.
A
Dry
B
Dehydrated
C
Oily
D
Acne
Difficulty: 1
The club-shaped structure forming the lower part of the hair root is called the:
Explanation:
The hair root's anatomy is foundational in cosmetology for hair growth and treatment planning. The bulb, a club-shaped structure at the base, houses the matrix where cell division occurs to generate hair. The shaft is the keratinized portion extending from the skin, the follicle is the surrounding sheath, and the papilla is a vascular structure supplying nutrients. Misidentifying these could lead to improper hair care techniques, making precise knowledge essential for professionals dealing with hair health and styling.
A
Papilla
B
Follicle
C
Shaft
D
Bulb
Difficulty: 1
Pathogenic bacteria are commonly known as:
Explanation:
Pathogenic bacteria cause disease, earning them the common name 'germs' or 'microbes' in lay terms, reflecting their harmful impact on health. Antiseptics and disinfectants are agents used against them, not names, and beneficial bacteria (e.g., probiotics) are non-pathogenic. The term 'germ' historically derives from germ theory, emphasizing their role in infection, a key concept in hygiene and cosmetology sanitation.
A
Antiseptics
B
Beneficial bacteria
C
Germs or microbes
D
Disinfectants
Difficulty: 1
Dry normal hair can stretch to about:
Explanation:
Dry normal hair can typically stretch to about 1/4 of its natural length without breaking.
A
1/4 of its natural length
B
c. % of its natural length
C
Double its natural length
D
1/2 of its natural length
Difficulty: 1
Aniline derivative tints, para-phenylene-diamine is also referred to as:
Explanation:
Aniline derivative tints, including para-phenylene-diamine (PPD), a key oxidative agent used in permanent hair colors for its ability to penetrate the cortex and form large color molecules with hydrogen peroxide, are also referred to as synthetic organic tints, distinguishing them from natural or inorganic alternatives due to their chemically synthesized aromatic amine structure derived from aniline. These tints offer long-lasting, vibrant shades with excellent gray coverage but require patch tests for allergies, as PPD can cause reactions in sensitive individuals. Unlike vegetable tints from plant extracts like henna for temporary hues; metallic dyes with metal salts for progressive coloring; or compound dyes mixing types; synthetic organic tints dominate modern color lines for their versatility in lifting and depositing color. Cosmetologists must follow manufacturer guidelines, considering hair porosity and previous treatments to avoid damage, while regulations like EU limits on PPD concentrations ensure safety. This classification underscores their role in professional salons for customizable, durable results that evolve with trends in fashion and personal expression.
A
Vegetable tints
B
Metallic dye
C
Compound dye
D
Synthetic organic tints
Difficulty: 2
The protective fluid that is applied on acne skin contains:
Explanation:
Acne-prone skin benefits from non-comedogenic, soothing agents. Moisturize cream hydrates without clogging pores, while potential Hydrogen (pH under 7) indicates an acidic balance to control oil, and astringent lotion tightens skin but can dry it excessively. Alkaline products may irritate acne, making a balanced moisturizer the safest protective option in acne management protocols.
A
Alkaline
B
Moisturize cream
C
Potential Hydrogen (pH) under 7
D
Astringent lotion
Difficulty: 1
Hair, nails, and skin are chiefly composed of a horny substance called:
Explanation:
The primary structural component of hair, nails, and the outer skin layer (epidermis) is keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that provides strength and protection. Hemoglobin is a blood protein, melanin is a pigment, and calcium is a mineral, none of which form the bulk of these tissues. Keratin's cross-linked structure, rich in cysteine, enables its durability, making it essential for understanding skin and appendage biology in cosmetology.
A
Keratin
B
Calcium
C
Hemoglobin
D
Melanin
Difficulty: 1
To avoid overlapping in a tint retouch, color the new growth of hair about:
Explanation:
To prevent overlapping in a tint retouch, which can cause uneven color, banding, darkening, or damage from over-processing the previously colored hair, cosmetologists apply the tint to the new growth while leaving a small gap—typically about 1/2 inch—before reaching the line of demarcation where the old color begins. This technique allows for precise application to the regrowth area, followed by a brief feathering or combing in the final minutes of processing to blend seamlessly without direct overlap. The 1/2 inch 'up to' distance ensures a buffer zone, accounting for color expansion during development and minimizing risks like breakage or hot roots (where roots appear lighter due to scalp heat). In practice, hair is sectioned finely (1/8 to 1/4 inch parts), color applied from scalp outward stopping short, and timing adjusted based on hair type—darker or resistant hair may need longer processing. This method is crucial for maintaining hair health over multiple retouches, as repeated overlap weakens the cortex by breaking disulfide bonds excessively. Alternatives like 1/16 inch over or 1/4 inch over involve intentional overlap, risking buildup, while 1/16 inch up to is too close and prone to accidental overlap during application. Professional guidelines from sources like Milady's Standard Cosmetology emphasize this gap for optimal results, adapting for factors like growth rate (faster in summer), gray percentage, or previous lightening, ensuring natural-looking, long-lasting color that clients can maintain at home with root concealers between salon visits.
A
1/4 of an inch over the tinted hair
B
1/2 of an inch up to the tinted hair
C
1/16 of an inch over tinted hair
D
1/16 of an inch up to the tinted hair
Difficulty: 1
Substances that attract water and moisture is:
Explanation:
Humectants, like glycerin or hyaluronic acid, attract and retain water, hydrating skin and hair, a vital property in moisturizers. Solvents dissolve substances, preservatives extend shelf life, and dissolving agent is less specific. Humectants' hygroscopic nature makes them essential in combating dryness in cosmetic products.
A
Surfactant
B
Humectant
C
Solvents
D
Preservatives
Difficulty: 1
Nail grows by constant multiplication of nail cells in the:
Explanation:
Nail growth originates in the matrix, where mitotic activity produces new cells that keratinize and push outward. The eponychium is the cuticle, the nail bed supports the nail plate, and the lunula is the visible matrix part, not the growth site. The matrix's role is analogous to the hair follicle, driving continuous nail extension, a key fact in manicure and nail health management.
A
Cuticle
B
Nail bed
C
Matrix
D
Eponychium
Difficulty: 1
The hair retouch, the hair tint is applied to the:
Explanation:
In cosmetology, a hair tint retouch, also known as a root touch-up or regrowth application, involves applying hair color specifically to the new growth of hair at the roots to maintain a consistent color appearance as the hair grows out from the scalp. This targeted approach prevents unnecessary re-coloring of the previously tinted lengths and ends, which could lead to over-processing, damage such as dryness, breakage, or uneven tone due to color buildup. The new growth typically emerges at a rate of about 1/2 inch per month, and retouches are recommended every 4-6 weeks depending on hair growth speed, natural color contrast, and client preferences. By focusing solely on the regrowth—usually 1/2 to 1 inch from the scalp—cosmetologists ensure color matching while preserving hair health, using techniques like sectioning the hair into quadrants, applying color with a brush for precision, and monitoring development time to achieve seamless blending. This method is essential for permanent, semi-permanent, or demi-permanent colors, where the goal is to cover grays or maintain vibrancy without compromising the mid-lengths and ends, which may require separate toning or glossing if faded. Factors like hair texture (fine hair shows roots faster), porosity (virgin regrowth absorbs color differently), and previous treatments influence the formula choice, often requiring a slightly adjusted shade or developer strength. Professional training emphasizes patch tests for allergies and strand tests for timing, ensuring safe, effective results that enhance client satisfaction and hair integrity over repeated services. In contrast, applying to hair ends risks darkening or dulling them, the entire shaft leads to unnecessary exposure, and hairline only ignores broader regrowth, making new growth the optimal focus for efficient, damage-minimizing retouches.
A
Entire hair shaft
B
Hairline only
C
Hair ends
D
New growth of hair
Difficulty: 2
What is a method for wrapping long hair for a regular permanent wave?
Explanation:
In perming, wrapping techniques determine curl pattern. The piggyback method overlaps rods for long hair, ensuring even solution penetration. Drop curl, spiral, and straight back are specific styles or methods, but piggyback is tailored for length management in standard perms. This technique optimizes tension and chemical distribution, critical for uniform results in long hair styling.
A
Drop curl
B
Piggy back
C
Straight back
D
Spiral perm
Difficulty: 1
Cold permanent waving is possible because hair has a high content of:
Explanation:
Cold permanent waving, a chemical process that creates lasting curls without heat by using room-temperature solutions, is feasible due to hair's high content of sulfur bonds—specifically disulfide bonds formed by cysteine residues in keratin proteins—which can be temporarily broken by reducing agents like ammonium thioglycolate (pH 8.5-9.5) to allow reshaping around rods, then reformed via oxidation with neutralizers like hydrogen peroxide, locking in the new curl pattern for 3-6 months. These bonds, comprising about 10-15% of hair's structure, provide strength and elasticity, enabling the two-step reduction-oxidation reaction where up to 50% of disulfides are cleaved during processing (15-30 minutes), with the cold method gentler on hair than hot perms, reducing damage risks like dryness or breakage while suitable for fine or color-treated strands. As explained in Yale Scientific and PMC articles, the process relies on keratin's alpha-helix to beta-sheet transition, with factors like hair porosity (high absorbs faster) and rod size determining curl tightness, requiring test curls for timing accuracy. Unlike protein bonds (general term), porosity bonds (not existent), or keratin bonds (the protein itself), sulfur bonds are key, with thio-based formulas ammonia-free for odor reduction, as in CHI Ionic systems. Cosmetology training emphasizes safety via patch tests, sectioning into 9 parts, and post-care with sulfate-free products to preserve bonds, avoiding re-perming for 6 months to prevent over-processing; historical shifts from heat-dependent methods in the 1930s to cold waves in the 1940s democratized perms, making them accessible for diverse textures and styles like beach waves or spirals.
A
Keratin bonds
B
Protein bonds
C
Porosity bonds
D
Sulfur bonds
Difficulty: 1
To keep the hair from tangling after a sodium hydroxide relaxing treatment, it should be used after shampooing:
Explanation:
Following a sodium hydroxide (lye) relaxing treatment, which permanently straightens curly or coily hair by breaking disulfide bonds in the keratin structure and swelling the cortex up to 30%, the hair becomes highly vulnerable to tangling due to increased porosity, roughness of the opened cuticle, and loss of natural oils, making post-treatment care essential to restore smoothness and prevent knots that can lead to breakage or matting during styling. The optimal solution is to apply a conditioner or cream rinse after shampooing, which coats the hair shaft with emollients, silicones, or proteins to seal the cuticle, reduce friction between strands, and replenish moisture, thereby detangling and improving manageability for up to 72 hours post-service. This step, as emphasized in resources like A Relaxed Gal and Milady's Cosmetology, counters the alkalinity (pH 12-14) of the relaxer that strips protective layers, with acid-balanced or moisturizing conditioners (pH 4.5-5.5) being particularly effective to normalize pH and enhance elasticity, preventing further damage like split ends or scalp irritation. Unlike acid rinses alone, which primarily adjust pH without conditioning benefits, acid-balanced rinses (a subset but less comprehensive), or medicated rinses (targeted for dandruff or infections but not detangling), conditioners provide slip and lubrication, often containing ingredients like cetyl alcohol or shea butter for African-textured hair prone to dryness after relaxing. Application involves saturating wet hair, combing through with a wide-tooth comb starting from ends to roots, and leaving on for 5-10 minutes before rinsing, with deep conditioning masks recommended weekly for maintenance. This practice minimizes risks associated with relaxers, such as hair loss (reported in 47% of users per studies) or dryness (67%), and supports long-term health, especially when combined with protective styling and avoiding heat tools immediately after, ensuring sleek, tangle-free results that align with client expectations in professional salons.
A
Acid balanced rinses
B
Acid rinses
C
Medicated rinses
D
Conditioner or cream rinses
Difficulty: 2
Other names of dermis are derma, corium, true skin and:
Explanation:
The dermis, or derma/corium, is the skin's thick layer beneath the epidermis, containing collagen and blood vessels. Stratum lucidum is an epidermal layer, cutis is a general skin term, and stratum granulosum is another epidermal layer. Epidermis, as an alternative name, reflects the dermis's role as the true structural skin layer, a key distinction in dermatological and cosmetology anatomy.
A
Stratum granulosum
B
Cutis
C
Stratum lucidum
D
Epidermis
Difficulty: 1
Most cosmetology textbook recommend that cotton tipped orangewood stick be used to apply:
Explanation:
Cotton-tipped orangewood sticks are recommended for precise application of products like nail bleach, cuticle solvent, or oil due to their gentle, non-abrasive nature and ability to hold liquid. Nail cream or all of the above are less specific, as creams are typically applied with broader tools. The stick's design minimizes skin irritation and ensures targeted delivery, a standard practice in manicure hygiene and precision.
A
All of the above
B
Nail bleach
C
Nail cream
D
Cuticle solvent
Difficulty: 2
If using excessive hydrogen peroxide, the hair will become:
Explanation:
Excessive hydrogen peroxide swells and damages the cuticle layer, breaking down the protein structure and increasing porosity. Overuse strips natural oils and structural components, making the hair more porous and fragile. It does not make the hair resistant, nor does it decrease porosity or cause keratinization in this context.
A
Keratinization
B
Decrease porous
C
Increase porous
D
Resistant
Difficulty: 3
When super curly hair has been relaxed and is very fragile, the operator needs to use the following implement for cutting:
Explanation:
Chemically relaxed curly hair can become fragile and prone to breakage. Scissors offer the most controlled, gentle cutting action and allow the stylist to remove damage safely with precise sectioning and point cutting. Clippers or razors can exert more mechanical stress or slicing action that may worsen fragile hair condition.
A
Scissors
B
Razor
C
Clipper
D
Trimmer
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