Anagen phase is active hair growth phase, cells divide rapidly.

Cuticle nippers cut excess skin accurately and safely.

Tapering and thinning remove bulk and weight from the hair shaft, lowering resistance to shape and allowing waves or finger wave patterns to hold more easily. Heavy, blunt hair resists molding because mass pulls styles down, so tapered and thinned hair is generally easier to wave and style.

Apply solution gently and carefully to avoid hair damage, ensure even perming.

Correct: Option b - Nucleus - The nucleus contains the genetic material necessary for cell reproduction.

Astringents are mildly acidic solutions typically pH 3 to 5 that cause tissue contraction and temporary pore tightening. Cassia oil and lavender are essential oils rather than acids and almond is a food containing fats and proteins. Therefore the item that has an acidic character is an astringent.

Thinning with scissors is commonly called slithering. This technique uses scissors or thinning shears at a shallow angle to remove bulk and create softer lines. Clipper over comb is a clipper technique, razor cutting uses a straight razor for texture and edge, and layer cutting builds length differences rather than specifically thinning.

Correct: Option D - Roots.

Fine file gently removes glue, avoiding damage to natural nails.

Excessive cleaning of hyponychium (skin under nail tip) causes tearing, pain, easy infection.

Chemical allergy test (patch test) avoids skin reactions before service.

Blackheads are caused by pores clogged with oil and dead cells, oxidized.

Taut skin reduces pain, increases accuracy when extending lashes, avoids skin damage.

<div>Explanation:</div><div>During a permanent wave (perm) process, the solution can drip and saturate the cotton band placed around the client’s hairline. If this cotton becomes too wet, it can allow the chemicals to run down onto the skin, causing chemical burns or irritation.</div><div><br></div><div>Therefore, the technician should:</div><div>Remove and replace the saturated cotton band immediately to prevent chemical contact with the skin.</div><div><br></div><div>(Optional additional step): Applying a protective base (barrier cream) around the hairline before starting the process also helps, but the key action during the process to avoid chemical burns is removing the saturated cotton band.</div>

Blood-stained cloth is medical waste, needs double-bagging to prevent transmission.

Tweezers are used to attach false lashes accurately and safely to real lashes.

Correct: Option c - Arrector pili - This muscle contracts to cause goose flesh by pulling hair follicles upright.

Correct: Option A - Under cut is the correct technique.

Re-lightening involves additional chemical oxidation, which lifts more pigment but risks damaging the hair's cuticle and cortex if performed too soon. The hair requires a recovery period after initial lightening to stabilize its structure, with 24 hours being a widely accepted minimum to prevent brittleness or breakage. Some protocols extend this to 48-72 hours based on hair porosity and chemical strength, reflecting the need for careful timing to balance efficacy and safety in professional settings.

Carpals are small gliding bones typically categorized as short bones rather than flat or round. Given the choices irregular shape is the best available classification and distinguishes them from flat bones like the scapula.

Use the cushions or pads of the fingers when massaging and lathering during shampoo. The pads provide effective pressure to distribute product and increase scalp circulation without scratching or injuring the skin. Fingernails can cause abrasions and discomfort, while palms or thumbs do not provide the same focused action.

Uniform layer creates consistent length, increases even thickness.

Dry crystal packets in a cream lightener typically contain persulfates or similar agents that, when mixed, enhance the lightening process by boosting peroxide activity. This increases the product's strength, allowing deeper pigment lift, but can also make hair more porous or damage ends if overused. Decreasing strength contradicts the additive's purpose, which is to amplify the formula's oxidizing power, a key consideration in hair bleaching techniques.

Oil lighteners, also called oil bleaches or cream lighteners, are formulated as mixtures of hydrogen peroxide with sulfonated oils—chemically modified oils like castor or mineral oil treated with sulfuric acid to enhance emulsification and penetration—for gentle, controlled lifting of hair color up to 2-3 levels while conditioning the strands. The sulfonated oils act as surfactants, improving the mixture's viscosity for easy application and reducing drip, while buffering the peroxide's oxidative action to minimize damage and dryness compared to powder bleaches. This combination is ideal for on-scalp applications, such as highlighting or balayage, where scalp sensitivity requires milder formulas, with peroxide volumes typically 20-30 for safe lifting. Unlike olive oil (natural emollient without lifting properties), mineral oil (base carrier but non-reactive), or classified oils (unspecified), sulfonated oils ensure even distribution and adhesion, often boosted with persulfates for extra power. Cosmetologists use them in foils or freehand for subtle effects, monitoring lift with strand tests and neutralizing post-process to close cuticles. Developed for professional use, these lighteners suit all hair types but excel on fine or damaged hair, providing hydration via fatty acids, though allergies to sulfates necessitate patch tests. Proper mixing ratios (1:1 or per instructions) and development under plastic for heat retention optimize results, making oil lighteners a staple for achieving bright, healthy blondes without compromise.

The nail body also called the nail plate is the visible hard keratin that sits on the nail bed. The free edge extends beyond the fingertip, the lunula is the pale half moon at the base, and the nail root is under the skin within the matrix.

Frizzy hair is due to high moisture absorption, usually in porous or damaged hair.

Correct: Option D - Good conductor and can make a shock

Damaged hair breaks easily due to weak structure, cannot withstand chemicals.

For achieving the best results in skip waving—a cosmetology technique that alternates finger waves with rows of pin curls or ridge curls to create a textured, undulating pattern with skipped sections for added dimension and movement—the most desirable hair length is 8 to 10 inches, providing sufficient length to form defined waves and curls without excessive bulk or difficulty in manipulation. Shorter lengths like 1 to 2 inches limit wave formation to basic textures, 3 to 5 inches allow minimal skips but lack depth, and 7 to 8 inches offer moderate results, but 8 to 10 inches enable full expression of the skip pattern, allowing curls to interlock with waves for a cohesive, voluminous style that brushes out smoothly. This length accommodates various hair types: straight hair benefits from the extra grip for holding waves, wavy hair enhances natural patterns, and curly hair can be relaxed slightly for control. Cosmetologists use products like setting lotion or mousse to enhance hold, sectioning the hair precisely to alternate waves and curls, often on the sides for a retro flair inspired by 1920s-1940s aesthetics. Factors such as scalp health, hair porosity, and client lifestyle influence adaptations, ensuring the style remains practical and flattering, with longer lengths facilitating easier brushing and longevity for events or daily wear.

Test hot wax on technician's wrist checks temperature, avoids burning client.

Combining coloring and perming involves chemical processes (oxidation for color, reduction for perms) that can damage hair if simultaneous. Tinting first then perming, or applying tint a week later, risks uneven results due to altered cuticle states. The safest approach is perming first, waiting at least 3 days, then tinting to allow hair recovery and ensure chemical compatibility, a standard protocol in cosmetology.

When hair is bleached to a red-gold tone, which typically presents as a warm, brassy shade with underlying red and yellow (gold) pigments at around level 7-8 on the hair color scale, a violet tone base is used to produce a neutralizer effect by counteracting the unwanted warmth according to the principles of the color wheel. Violet, being the complementary color to yellow/gold, effectively cancels out the gold tones, while its blue undertones help subdue the red, resulting in a more neutral, balanced ash or beige shade without over-toning or darkening the hair excessively. In contrast, orange would intensify the warmth, green primarily neutralizes red but might leave gold tones unaddressed (potentially creating a muddy effect), and gold would enhance the existing warmth. This neutralization process is vital in color correction after bleaching, involving application of a toner or semi-permanent color with violet base, considering factors like hair porosity, previous treatments, and desired end result to avoid damage and achieve even toning. Cosmetologists use this knowledge to refine bleached hair, ensuring client satisfaction with natural-looking colors that complement skin tones and maintain hair integrity through proper formulation and timing.

Because the thigh muscles do the main lifting work — emphasizing safe body mechanics and protecting the back

Communicable disease spreads through direct or indirect contact, according to CDC.

Correct: Option A - Less heat and less pressure

Bleached pale yellow hair is weak, easily broken, should not perm/straighten as it causes damage.

A non-absorbent tool (disinfected spatula) prevents cross-contamination, according to salon standards.

The average lifespan of hair on the human scalp is approximately 4-7 years.

A predisposition test for lash adhesive must be performed at least 24 hours before application to detect delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Waiting only minutes is insufficient to reveal a true allergic response.

Cutting above 90° creates layers, increasing thickness and movement in hair.

Highlighting shampoo tints, also known as color-enhancing or toning shampoos, contain an aniline derivative tint combined with shampoo to deposit subtle color while cleansing, providing a gentle way to add highlights, neutralize unwanted tones, or refresh faded color without the commitment of permanent dyes. Aniline derivatives, synthetic organic compounds like para-phenylenediamine (PPD) or related amines, penetrate the cuticle slightly for semi-permanent effects, lasting 4-6 shampoos and ideal for blending grays or enhancing natural hues. This formulation allows for easy application during washing, with the shampoo base ensuring even distribution and conditioning benefits to counteract potential dryness. Unlike vegetable tints (natural extracts like chamomile for mild lightening), metallic and aniline mixes (which could cause incompatibilities), or compound dyes (multi-type blends), aniline-based highlighting shampoos offer predictable, vibrant results with low ammonia or peroxide levels. Cosmetologists recommend them for maintenance between full color services, considering hair porosity (porous hair absorbs more) and pH balance to avoid buildup. Historical development from early coal-tar dyes evolved to safer, regulated formulas, with patch tests mandatory to prevent allergies. This versatility makes them popular for at-home use, but professionals use them in salons for customized toning, such as purple shampoos for blondes to combat brassiness, ensuring enhanced shine and color longevity through proper lathering and rinsing techniques.

Half lift half deposit services use a mid strength developer near the classic twenty volume range that both slightly lifts and deposits. Among the choices provided twenty is not listed and twenty five volume is the closest match; five is too weak for lift, fifteen is mostly deposit, and thirty five is a high lift choice.

The three principal parts of a pin curl in cosmetology are the base (the foundational section attached to the scalp that provides stability and determines the curl's position), the stem (the intermediate section between the base and the circle that controls the curl's mobility and direction), and the circle (the curved end that forms the actual curl shape, influencing its tightness and volume). This tripartite structure allows stylists to manipulate curl characteristics for various effects: the base ensures secure anchorage, the stem adjusts movement (from stationary to flowing), and the circle defines the wave or loop. Unlike texture or elasticity (which are hair properties affecting curl formation) or mobility (which is an outcome of the stem), the stem is essential for versatility in pin curling techniques. This breakdown is taught in basic hairstyling courses to enable creation of pin curls in clockwise or counterclockwise directions, for forward or reverse movements, and in stand-up or flat configurations, serving as the basis for intricate hairstyles, thermal sets, and even modern blow-dry techniques that mimic these elements for added body and style longevity.

Correct: Option B - 90%

In cosmetology, when a hairstyle demands a high level of mobility, meaning the curls need to have significant movement, bounce, and flow away from the scalp for dynamic, voluminous looks such as cascading waves or updos with soft, swinging elements, the full-stem curl is the optimal choice. The stem in pin curls or roller sets refers to the section of hair between the scalp (base) and the first turn of the curl (circle), and its length directly dictates the curl's mobility: a no-stem curl sits flat against the scalp with minimal movement, ideal for sleek, close-to-head styles; a half-stem curl offers moderate mobility for balanced volume; while the full-stem curl, where the stem is as long as possible within the section, allows the curl to pivot freely from the base, providing maximum swing and liveliness. This technique is particularly useful in creating hairstyles that require natural-looking motion, like beach waves or formal styles with hanging tendrils, as it leverages the hair's natural elasticity and gravity for enhanced aesthetics. Cosmetologists must consider hair type—fine hair may need shorter stems to avoid limpness, while thick hair benefits from full stems for control—along with factors like face shape, occasion, and client preferences to ensure the mobility enhances rather than overwhelms the overall look. Historical styles from the 1920s flapper era to modern red-carpet appearances often incorporate full-stem curls for their versatility, and proper setting with pins or rollers, combined with products like mousse or hairspray, ensures longevity without sacrificing movement. Mastering stem variations builds foundational skills in wet and dry setting, enabling professionals to adapt to diverse textures, lengths, and trends while minimizing damage through even tension distribution.

Correct: Option A - The firmness of the curl

Metal combs conduct heat, cause burns and hair damage.

Curl size in a permanent wave is determined primarily by the diameter of the rod used. Smaller rods produce tighter curls and larger rods produce looser waves. Product type affects processing strength and time, and density or elasticity affect response, but rod size sets the finished curl size.

Apply primer to increase color polish adhesion, ensures durability.

Skill in finger waving is crucial for cosmetologists as it serves as the foundation of styling, teaching essential techniques for manipulating hair shape, direction, and texture without relying on modern tools like curlers or irons. This method develops hand-eye coordination, precision in creating ridges and troughs, and an understanding of hair behavior under tension and moisture, principles that underpin advanced hairstyles such as updos, victory rolls, or contemporary waves. Unlike creating very tight waves (which is just one possible outcome), being easy to master (it's actually challenging and requires practice), or eliminating layers (it complements layering), finger waving builds core competencies in wet styling and sets the groundwork for creative expression in the field. Historically derived from Marcel waving but adapted for finger use, it emphasizes working with the hair's natural properties, helping professionals adapt to various hair types—from straight to wavy—and client needs, ultimately enhancing service quality, efficiency, and artistic capabilities in salon environments.

Correct: Option d - Frenchman - Marcel Grateau, a French hairdresser, invented Marcel waving.

During puberty, hormonal shifts, particularly increases in androgens, trigger the transformation of vellus hair (fine, short, and lightly pigmented) into terminal hair (coarser, darker, and longer) in areas like the underarms and pubic region. Lanugo hair, typically present in fetuses, is shed before or shortly after birth and not relevant here. Medulla hair refers to the inner layer of some hair types, not a replacement process. The distinction lies in the physiological response to hormonal cues, making terminal hair the correct outcome of this developmental change.

A healthy scalp maintains a pH level ranging from approximately 4.5 to 5.5, establishing an acidic environment known as the acid mantle that serves as a protective barrier against harmful microorganisms, regulates moisture, and supports overall scalp health. This acidity is maintained by natural sebum and sweat secretions, creating an inhospitable environment for pathogens while fostering a balanced microbiome. Hair care products, such as shampoos and conditioners, are often formulated within this pH range to preserve the scalp's natural state and maximize efficacy. A pH of 6.5 to 7.5, while closer to neutral skin pH, is less optimal for the scalp as it may disrupt this balance, whereas 3 to 4 is excessively acidic, potentially irritating, and 7 to 8 is too alkaline, risking dryness or microbial overgrowth. Understanding this pH range is critical in cosmetology for selecting appropriate hair and scalp treatments.

To prevent unwanted splits, breaks, or visible separations in the finished hairstyle along the sensitive front or facial hairline, where hair is often finer and more prone to uneven blending due to growth patterns, cowlicks, or styling stress, triangular bases are recommended in pin curl techniques. The triangular shape of the base—formed by sectioning the hair into a three-sided partition—allows the curls to overlap seamlessly when combed out, creating a smooth, continuous flow that disguises potential gaps and maintains structural integrity. In contrast, square bases provide uniform volume but can lead to blocky appearances; circular bases offer rounded effects suitable for waves but may not blend as well at edges; and pivot curls focus on rotation rather than base shape for mobility. This approach is crucial in areas like the hairline, where natural contours demand precision to avoid a 'pieced-together' look, especially in updos, bobs, or vintage styles. Cosmetologists assess hair density and direction before sectioning, using clips to secure and ensuring even moisture for setting, which enhances hold and reduces breakage risks from tension. Triangular bases also accommodate facial framing, complementing bone structures like oval or heart-shaped faces, and are taught in foundational training to promote client confidence through flawless, natural finishes that withstand daily wear.

Red swollen pimples with pus are caused by bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) causing inflammation, accumulating pus.

Correct: Option c - Early - Secondary lesions often appear in the early stages as the disease progresses.

Clarifying shampoo removes dye, hairspray, deep cleans hair.

The scientific study of hair, encompassing its growth patterns, structure, and associated disorders, is known as trichology, a specialized field that bridges dermatology and cosmetology. Trichology delves into the anatomy of the hair follicle, the cyclical growth phases - anagen (growth), catagen (transitional), and telogen (resting) - and conditions such as alopecia, dandruff, or excessive hair loss. This knowledge is invaluable for diagnosing scalp issues and tailoring hair care treatments, making it a cornerstone for professionals in hair restoration and salon services. Dermatology, while related, focuses more broadly on skin conditions including those affecting the scalp but is not specific to hair. Cosmetology involves the practical application of beauty techniques, including hair styling and coloring, but lacks the scientific depth of trichology. Biology, as a general science, covers all life forms and is too expansive to be specific to hair study alone.

Aniline derivative tints cause eye irritation, not safe for eyebrows.

When applying bleach, thin and even subsections ensure complete and even saturation of product. A 1/8 inch subsection is recommended to allow the bleach to penetrate uniformly without missing interior sections. Larger subsections may lead to patchy lightening and uneven lift.

Lubricants reduce friction during massage, enhancing comfort. Petroleum cream and emollient cream provide moisture and glide, while paraffin is a wax used for heat therapy, not lubrication. The choice depends on skin type, with petroleum's occlusive nature and emollients' hydrating properties being standard in massage therapy, a key aspect of spa treatments.

Boils are caused by bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) causing inflammation, creating pus.

Cuticle nippers can be reused after proper disinfection.

Correct: Option A - Burning scalp

Correct: Option b - Acid - Aniline tint at pH 9.5 is slightly alkaline, but the question implies comparison with pure water (pH 7), and the context suggests a misunderstanding; however, based on standard definitions, it's not typically acid.

Cuticle is the epidermis around nails, protects from bacteria, needs careful care.

Correct: Option D - Alopecia areata.

Pull against hair growth direction is effective, less painful, removes hair from roots.

Correct: Option C - Leave the hair full at the neck.

Correct: Option D - Height

Clean skin with alcohol removes oil and dirt, increases wax adhesion.

Apply talc powder absorbs moisture, reduces pain, increases wax adhesion.

Correct: Option B - Diameter of the rollers has the most significant impact on curl tightness.

Freedom backwards texturizes backward creating natural, comfortable hair ends.

Brush-bottle is a specialized bottle for holding and applying hair dye, convenient and accurate.

When performing a touch-up, color should be applied starting about 1/16 inch away from the tinted hair to avoid overlapping onto previously colored hair. Overlapping can cause uneven color and damage. Applying too far away would leave a gap, and applying directly on tinted hair causes overprocessing.

Correct: Option C - 4.5 – 5.5.

Vacuum suction helps mobilize sebum and loosen comedones for extraction and is therefore used on blemished or acne prone skin. It may be irritating for dry or aging skin and is unnecessary on normal skin. Small sectional use helps avoid bruising and over stimulation.

Correct: Option D - All of the above are correct.

Cuticle creams hydrate and protect, treating brittle and dry cuticles to prevent cracking. Removing dead cuticle is a physical process, not a cream's function, and encouraging nail growth or removing dry cuticle are beyond its scope. The emollient properties of creams, often with oils or urea, restore moisture, making this a primary use in nail care maintenance.

Pulling wax toward eyebrows reduces pain, is effective, avoids skin damage.

Disinfection kills bacteria and viruses but not spores, according to CDC.

Cuticle nippers can be reused after proper disinfection.

Correct: Option B - Soften and slightly bleach the hair

Test for salt allergy to avoid dangerous reaction before using dye.

Highest point of eyebrow is after outer eye corner, creates balanced, natural shape.

Clippers create a gradient style, shorter at the edges than on top, popular in fade styles.

Correct: Option c - Occupies spaces - This is the fundamental definition of matter.

Blunt cutting is a one length technique. The comb supports and projects the hair while the shears cut a straight line. Fingers are used for layered or graduated work, clips only section hair, and the scissor blade does not hold the hair.

Seborrhea results from overactive sebaceous glands leading to excess sebum and greasy scales especially on the scalp nose and forehead. Acne vulgaris and acne simplex are primarily inflammatory and comedonal conditions while acne rosacea is a vascular disorder with flushing and telangiectasia. The hallmark here is oiliness and scaling which defines seborrhea.

Correct: Option d - Sulfor bonds - Disulfide bonds enable cold perming by breaking and reforming.

The oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide in hair coloring or lightening is hastened by the addition of 28% ammonia, an alkaline agent that raises pH to open the cuticle, accelerate decomposition into oxygen radicals, and enhance melanin breakdown for faster lifting and color development. This combination in permanent dyes or bleaches speeds processing time, allowing 1-4 levels of lift depending on volume (10-40), but requires careful formulation to avoid over-oxidation leading to dryness or breakage. Distilled, hard, or soft water dilute but don't hasten; hard water with minerals might even inhibit. Ammonia's role, as in Vinci Hair Clinic insights, includes swelling the shaft for dye penetration, with concentrations like 28% in professional developers ensuring efficiency. Safety involves ventilation, patch tests for allergies, and neutralizers post-process to stabilize pH. In rocket fuels or glow sticks, H2O2 reacts differently, but in hair, this synergy enables vibrant, long-lasting colors, with alternatives like MEA for ammonia-free options slowing action for gentler use. Cosmetologists monitor timing—shorter with ammonia—considering hair health, as excessive haste risks uneven results or damage, emphasizing balanced mixes for optimal, healthy transformations.

Correct: Option d - Decrease oil - This helps control oil production on the skin.

Club cutting also called blunt cutting creates a clean straight line at the ends. It is the classic technique used in nape work with the hand held flat against the neck. Tapering and slithering remove weight by graduating or thinning, and razor cutting leaves softer tapered ends rather than a blunt edge.

Correct: Option C - On the upper lip.

Correct: Option a - A filler applied to the pigmented hair - Filler helps even out porosity for better tint uptake.

In cosmetology, coarse hair can be thinned closest to the scalp because it has a thicker diameter and greater density, allowing stylists to remove bulk right near the roots without causing the hair to appear too sparse or damaged. Thinning shears or razors can be applied as close as 1/2 inch from the scalp on coarse hair to effectively reduce volume and prevent a bulky appearance, while blending seamlessly due to the hair's robust structure. In contrast, fine hair requires thinning farther from the scalp (typically 1-1.5 inches away) to avoid making it look limp, stringy, or overly thin, as its delicate strands do not blend as well when cut too close. Medium hair falls in between, often thinned about 1 inch away, and damaged hair should be approached cautiously regardless of texture to prevent further breakage. This principle is taught in cosmetology training to help stylists tailor cutting techniques to different hair types, ensuring optimal results for texture management, style longevity, and client satisfaction. Factors like hair porosity, elasticity, and overall health also influence how close thinning can be done, but texture is the primary determinant.

Correct: Option B - Shampoo and scalp brushing.

Primary colors (red, blue, yellow) form the basis of color mixing, with white being the absence of color or the lightest perceivable hue due to full light reflection. Yellow, while light, is a primary color itself, and other options like mauve (a pale purple) or blue are darker or secondary. In cosmetology, understanding light reflection aids in color correction and hair dyeing, where white serves as a theoretical maximum lightness.

Graduation (45° cut) creates transition from short to long, natural.